«دین رسمی» در نظام حقوقی ایران: چیستی مفهوم و کارکرد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بشر، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

ازآنجاکه دین مفهومی همزاد با زندگی اجتماعی است، از دیرباز در بسیار از جوامع فرهنگی به حیات خود ادامه داده و دگرگونی کارکرد دین در طول زمان، منجر به حذف این نهاد از ساختار سیاست نشده است. بااین‌حال مفهوم «دین رسمی» که تجلی حضور دین در ساخت سیاسی و حقوقی قدرت تلقی شده، مرهون رشد اندیشه‌های حقوق عمومی و تصویب قوانین اساسی به‌عنوان سند آزادی‌های جمعی است. درهم‌آمیختگی الزام‌های دینی و حکمرانی، موجب شده در حوزه‌های گوناگون ازجمله زمینه‌های سیاسی و حقوقی، برای دین رسمی کارکردهای مصرح یا ضمنی تعریف شود. در این پژوهش، برای یافتن پاسخ این پرسش که دین رسمی چیست و خوانش حکومت از این مفهوم، در نظام‌های حقوقی معاصر چگونه بازتاب یافته است؟ اندراج نهاد دین در قانون اساسی که رهاورد حکمرانی مدرن است، نسبت‌سنجی شده است. از همین روی، نگارندگان با بهره‌گیری از شیوه توصیفی- تحلیلی تلاش کرده‌اند تا نشان دهند گستره تأثیر ادیان رسمی از حوزه سیاسی فراتر رفته و جلوه‌ این مفهوم به ساحت حقوقی، اعم از حقوق عمومی و خصوصی پا نهاده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Understanding the Concept of "Official Religion" and Its Role in the Iranian Legal System

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mojtaba Vaezi 1
  • Maryam Rostami 2
1 Prof., Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 M.A. Student in Human Rights Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

When a religion is officially endorsed and supported by a government, it takes on a formal role within the state. This means that religion becomes more than just a personal belief system; it becomes a state-sanctioned institution. However, a state with an official religion is not necessarily a theocracy where all aspects of governance are based on religious doctrine.
The existence of an official religion in a country's constitution shapes the boundaries of citizens' freedoms, depending on the government's understanding of democracy and its relationship to religion. In other words, religion, as a cultural system, influences a state's political and legal systems.
Given that constitutions are fundamental documents that both protect citizens' rights and define the limits of government power, they provide the most explicit examples of how states interact with religion. Different countries have adopted varying approaches to the relationship between state and religion, reflecting different understandings of freedom, the government's right to establish an official religion, and the freedom of conscience.
In the modern world, the trend towards secularism and the increasing emphasis on human rights have led to a movement towards minimal government intervention in citizens' lives. However, theocratic states often pursue maximum state intervention, promoting religious teachings and values throughout society.
It is also crucial to consider the rights of religious minorities when discussing the role of an official religion. The concept of religious minorities has emerged in political discourse and legal literature, reflecting the importance of ensuring fair treatment for all citizens, regardless of their religious beliefs.
The Iranian Constitution officially recognizes Islam as the state religion and designates Twelver Shi'ism as the official Islamic sect. This has created a unique political and legal framework that differs from many other states. This research examines the impact of religion on both the political and legal spheres, demonstrating that official religions today have evolved beyond their traditional roles. In many countries with official religions, religion is seen as a higher authority that can be used to interpret and evaluate laws. This has led to a new hierarchy of norms, where religious principles often take precedence over secular laws.
Key questions addressed in this research: What is the relationship between religion and the state in contemporary societies?     How does the concept of an "official religion" impact the rights and freedoms of citizens?What is the role of religion in the Iranian legal system, and how does it influence the country's governance?
 
Methodology
The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, using a combination of historical analysis and legal research. The study examines various interpretations of the concept of "official religion" and explores the implications of this concept for the Iranian legal system.
 
Key findings
The relationship between religion and state is complex and multifaceted.
The concept of an official religion has significant implications for citizens' rights and freedoms.
In Iran, the official status of Islam has had a profound impact on the country's legal system and governance.
The role of religion in the Iranian legal system is constantly evolving, and there is ongoing debate about the appropriate balance between religious and secular principles.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Freedom of religion
  • religious minorities
  • theocratic government
  • official religion
  • Islamic law

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Judgment
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