نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 حقوق مالکیت فکری- گروه حقوق خصوصی- دانشکده حقوق- پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران- قم- ایران
2 استاد، گروه فقه و حقوق پژوهشکده نظام‌های اسلامی، پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی، تهران، ایران- عضو وابسته دانشکده حقوق، پردیس
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
According to Article 1 of the Law on Protection of the Rights of Authors, Writers and Artists (1348) the requisite of protection is that the work must be the result of creativity and initiative of the author. This issue, where the idea of the work has no way of being creative, so that expressing the idea is possible in limited ways, raises the question of whether in such cases the work Is protected by law or not? This issue has been highly debated in the U.S Copyright law and has been called the Merger doctrine. According to this doctrine, when there is only one way or limited ways to express the idea of the work, so that the idea imposes its expression, the issue protected by law is not realized; Because, in fact, the basic condition of protection, which is the originality-creation of the work by the author-has not been fulfilled.
The present article seeks to analyze the impact of the merger on the status of the originality of works by using a descriptive-analytical method in examining the judicial decisions issued in merger cases and concludes that this doctrine is also applicable in Iranian law; Also, the connection between the Merger doctrine and the fundamental condition of protection doubles the necessity for identifying and applying it in Iranian law.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
الف. فارسی
اسماعیلی، محسن (1384) «آثار مورد حمایت در حقوق مالکیتهای ادبی و هنری ایران و شرایط آن»، فصلنامهی پژوهشی دانشگاه امام صادق (ع)، دوره 11، شماره 28، صص 7-35.
انصاری، باقر (1386) «شرایط اثر قابل حمایت در نظام مالکیتهای ادبی و هنری (کپی‌رایت)»، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، دوره 10، شماره 45، صص 97-151.
جعفری، علی (1393) «بررسی حقوقی ضابطه اصالت آثار ادبی و هنری (همراه با نقد رأی دادگاه شعبه 1083 دادگاه عمومی کیفری تهران)»، فصلنامه دیدگاههای حقوق قضایی، دوره 19، شماره 65. صص 15-36.
حکمتنیا، محمود (1387) مبانی مالکیت فکری، چاپ دوم، تهران: سازمان انتشارات پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی.
زرکلام، ستار (1388) حقوق مالکیت ادبی و هنری، چاپ دوم، قم: نشر سمت.
صفایی، سید حسین (1381) «بررسی حقوق مؤلف و نارساییهای آن در ایران»، مندرج در مجموعه سخنرانیها و مقالات تخصصی بررسی حقوق نشر کتاب در ایران چالشها و رهیافتها، خانه کتاب، صص 46-61.
کلمبه، کلود (1385) اصول بنیادین حقوق مؤلف و حقوق مجاور در جهان، ترجمه‌ی علیرضا محمدزاده وادقانی، چاپ اول، نشر میزان.
محمدزاده وادقانی، علیرضا و محسنی، حسن (۱۳۸۸) «ترجمه متن معاهده برن برای حمایت از آثار ادبی و هنری (۱)»، فصلنامه حقوق، دوره ۳۹، شماره 2، صص 385-406.
قوانین و لوایح
قانون حمایت از حقوق مؤلفان و مصنفان و هنرمندان (1348).
لایحه حمایت از مالکیت ادبی و هنری و حقوق مرتبط (1395).
ب. انگلیسی
Abrams, Howard (1992) “Originality and Creativity in Copyright Law”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 55 (2), pp. 3-44.
Bently, Lionel & Sherman, Brad (2014) Intellectual Property Law. 4th ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bruce, Lehmann, A. (1995) “Intellectual Property and National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellactual Property Rights”, United States, (Last visited:6/11/2021), Available at: https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/DMCA/ntia_dmca_white_paper.pdf
Faust, Mathew, J. (2008) “What Do We Do With a Doctrine Like Merger? A Look at the Imminent Collision of the MCA and Idea/Expression Dichotomy”, Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review. 12 (1), pp. 131-153
Fenzel, Cristin (2007) “Still Life with “Spark” and “Sweat”: The Copyright Ability of Contemporary Art in the United States and United Kingdom”, Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law, 24, pp. 541-585.
Hariani, Krishna & Hariani, Anidudh (2011) “Analyzing “Originality” in Copyright Law: Transcending Jurisdictional Disparity”, IDEA-The Intellectual Property Law Review, 51 (3), pp. 491-510.
Holbrook Todd, S. & Harris, Alan Nathan (2008) Model Jury Instructions: Copyright, Trademark, and Trade Dress Litigation, American Bar Association.
Janssen, Katleen & Dumortier, Jos (2006) “The Protection of Maps and Spatial Databases in Europe and the United States by Copyright and the Sui Generis Right”, The John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law, 24 (2), pp. 195-225.
Jones. Richard H. (1990) “The Myth of Idea/Expression Dichotomy in Copyright Law”, Pace Law Review, 551.10 (3), pp. 551-607.
Judge, Elizabeth & Gervais, Daniel (2009-2010) “Of Silos and Constellations: Comparing Notion of Originality in Copyright La”, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment, pp. 375-408.
Laddie, Hugh (2000) The Modern Law of Copyright and Designs. 3rd ed. London: Butterworths.
Littrell, Ryan (2002) “Toward a Stricter Originality Standard for Copyright La”, Boston College Law Review, 43 (1), pp. 193-226.
McJohn, Stephen M. (2006) Copyright: Examples and Explanations. New York: Aspen Publishers.
Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary (2000). Oxford University Press. 2nd ed.
Ros, Vioral & Livadariu, Andreea (2014) “Originality-Condition for Protection of Science Works. Challenging of the Knowledge Scociety”, Intellectual Property Law, Nicolae Titulescu University House Romania, 4 (1), pp. 462-477.
S.M, Stewart (1989) International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights. 2nd ed, London: Butterworths.
Samuelson, Pamela (2016) “Reconceptualizing Copyright’s Merger Doctrine”, Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. 63 Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. Forthcoming, UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 2763903, pp. 417-470.
Samuelson, Pamela (2017) “Functionality and Expression in Computer Programs: Refning the Tests for Sofware Copyright Infringemen”, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 31 (2), pp. 1215-1300.
Sotomi, Joseph (2005) Originality in Copyright: “A contested issue”, Intellectual Property Law, Dissertation LW556, University of Kent England.
Tussey, Deborah (1999) “The Creative as Enemy of the True: The Meaning of Originality in the Mathew Bender Cases”, Richmond Journal of Law and Technology, 5 (3), pp 1-18.
Cases
Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc. 191 F.2d 99, 101 (2d Cir. 1951).
Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. 545 F. Supp. 812, 823 (E.D. Pa. 1982), rev'd, 714 F.2d 1240, 1253 (3d Cir. 1983).
Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America, Inc. 975 F.2d 832 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
Atari Games Corp. v. Oman, 888 F.2d 878, 879-80 (D.C. Cir. 1989).
Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (U.S.: Supreme Court, 1879).
BellSouth Advertising & PublishingCo. v. Donnelly Information Publishing, Inc. 999 F.2d 1436 (11th Cir. 1993).
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co. 188 US 239 (1903).
Computer Associates International,Inc. v. Altai, Inc. 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992).
Concrete Machinery Co. v. Classic Lawn Ornaments, 843 F.2d 600, 606 (1st Cir.), aff'd, 867 F.2d 606 (1st Cir. 1988).
Decorative Aides Corp. v. Staple Sewing Aides Corp. 497 F. Supp. 154, 156-67 (S.D.N.Y. 1980).
Emerson v. Davies, 8 F. Cas. 615 (C.C. Mass. 1854) (No. 4,436).
Feist Publications,Inc. v Rural Telephone Service Co. Ill S Ct 1282, 1288 (1991).
Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd. 9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993).
Herbert Rosenthal Jewelry Corp. v. Kalpakian. 446 F.2d 738 (9th Cir. 1971).
Kregos v. Associated Press, 937 F.2d 700, 705 (2d Cir. 1991).
Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Publishing Co. 158 F.3d 674 (2d Cir. 1998).
Midway Mfg. Co. v. Bandai-America, Inc. 546 F. Supp. 125, 148 n.23 (D.N.J. 1982), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1047 (1986).
Morrissey v. Procter & Gamble Co. 379 F. 2d 675 (U.S.: Court of Appeals, 1st Cir. 1967).
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Prods. v. McDonald's Corp. 562 F.2d 1157, 1168 n.10 (9th Cir. 1977).
Signo TradingCo. v. Gordon, 535 F. Supp. 362 (N.D. Cal. 1981).
U.S. v. Hamilton, 583 F.2d 448, 451 (9th Cir. 1978).
Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress International. 293 F.3d 791 (5th Cir. 2002).
Zalewski v. Cicero Builder Dev. Inc. 754 F.3d 95, 105 (2d Cir. 2014).
National and International Laws
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886).
TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1995).
U.S Copyright Law (1976).
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) (1996).
Websites
www.casetext.com (Last visited: 4/8/2020)
www.lexisnexis.com (Last visited: 7/8/2020)
www.merriam-webster.com (Last visitd: 6/7/2020)
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