مقایسه آیین مقابله با عدم پایبندی با سازوکارهای حل و فصل اختلافات و مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت در معاهدات زیست‌محیطی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

از سه دهه پیش و به ابتکار «پروتکل مونترال راجع به مواد کاهنده لایه اوزن» (1987)، حقوق بین‌الملل شاهد تأسیس سازوکاری جدید برای کنترل پایبندی به تعهدات تحت عنوان «آیین مقابله با عدم پایبندی» بود که به سرعت به بسیاری از موافقت‌نامه‌های زیست‌محیطی چندجانبه تسری یافت. در چارچوب این آیین که غیرقضایی، غیرتقابلی، مشورتی و پیشگیرانه است، تلاش می‌شود با اتخاذ تدابیر نرم مانند مساعدت مالی و فنی و توصیه و اقدام‌های سخت چون تعلیق حقوق و مزایای عضویت و تحریم با عدم پایبندی عضو مقابله شود و پایبندی به مفاد معاهده، تسهیل، تضمین و ارتقا یابد. نظر به این مسئله، این مقاله مبتنی بر یک روش توصیفی - تحلیلی در پی یافتن این پرسش اساسی است که آیین مقابله با عدم پایبندی چه ارتباطی با سازوکارهای حل و فصل اختلافات و مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت دارد؟ در پاسخ، این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که آیین مذکور از جهات بسیاری به‌ویژه ماهیت، ساختار و آثار و نتایج مترتب بر عدم پایبندی، با سازوکارهای مذکور متفاوت است. البته، امکان توسل به هر دو به صورت هم‌زمان پیش‌بینی شده است. نکته دیگر اینکه، دولت‌ها مبتنی بر این برداشت که چون رژیم مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت با ماهیت تقابلی خود، دیگر نمی‌تواند ابزار کافی جهت پاسخگویی به نقض تعهدات باشد، افزون بر آن، به تدریج به سمت بهره‌گیری از آیین مقابله با عدم پایبندی نیز پیش رفته‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of Non-Compliance Procedure and Disputes Settlement Mechanisms and the International Responsibility of State in Environmental Treaties

نویسنده [English]

  • Aghil Mohammadi
Law and Political Sciences Faculty, Shiraz University
چکیده [English]

Three decades ago, at the initiative of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987), international law has created a new mechanism to control compliance with the obligations that is known non-compliance procedure. This quickly extended to many multilateral environmental agreements. Within the framework of this procedure that is non-judicial, non-confrontational, consultative and preventive, relied upon to take a wide range of measures, from soft measures such as financial and technical assistance and recommendation, to hard measures such as suspension of membership rights and privileges and sanction, will be countered by non-compliance of members, and compliance with the provisions of the treaty will be facilitated, guaranteed and promoted. In this regard, this article is based on a descriptive-analytical method to find out the fundamental question that how is the Relationship between Non-Compliance Procedure and Disputes Settlement Mechanisms and the International Responsibility of State? In response, the hypothesis is that non-compliance procedure is different in many respects, especially the nature, structure, effects and consequences of non-compliance, to disputes settlement mechanisms. Of course, the possibility of resorting to both cannot be ruled out. Another point is the regime of international responsibility of states can no longer be an adequate means of responding to breaches of obligations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Non-Compliance Procedure
  • Compliance Control
  • Disputes Settlement Mechanisms
  • International Responsibility of State Regime
  • Environmental Treaties
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