حفره های رژیم منع توسل به زور «بررسی تبعات ماندگار تجاوز به عراق (2003) در حقوق بین‌الملل»

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

عضو هیأت علمی گروه حقوق دانشگاه زابل

چکیده

محور اصلی این مقاله بررسی نقش و جایگاه منشور ملل متحد در ساختمان دعاوی حقوقی مطروحه توسط ایالات‌متحده امریکا و انگلیس در جریان تهاجم به عراق در سال 2003 میلادی و تبعات رفع وصف فعل متخلفانه از عمل تهاجمی آن‌ها بر اساس قواعد منع توسل به زور در منشور ملل متحد است. فرض علمی مقاله این است که علی‌رغم عدم وجاهت حقوقی دعاوی مطروحه دول فوق‌الذکر، موارد منع کاربرد نیروی قاهره مندرج در منشور ملل متحد، در عمل از قابلیت‌های تفسیری چندگانه برخوردار گشته است و مقاومت شورای امنیت در برابر پذیرش این تفاسیر، قدرت‌های را به سمتی سوق داده است تا ضمن متعهد نشان دادن خود به حفظ نظم جهانی مبتنی بر منشور، از قواعد مشروعیت زای حقوق بشری و اخلاقی برای موجه ساختن اقدامات نظامی خود بهره بگیرند. تداوم این گشاده‌دستی در کاربرد زور، حفره‌های موجود در رژیم بین‌المللی منع توسل به زور را تا بدان جا بسیط خواهد کرد که آمریت قاعده ضرورت الزام دولت‌ها به استنادهای درون منشوری تا حد بی‌سابقه‌ای از بین خواهد رفت.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Loopholes in International Regime of Use of Force “The Lasting Consequences of Iraq’s war (2013) in International law”

چکیده [English]

Abstract
The main focus of this study is to analyze the role and function of the United Nations’ Charter in the legal arguments provided by the US and UK during the invasion of Iraq in 2003.The consequences of justifying the invasion by refereeing to the UN Charter's rules on the use of force have also been discussed in the paper .Proving the illegality of the arguments proposed by US and UK, The study hypothesize that the multiple interpretations of the UN Charter on the one side and the Security Council's resistance toward accepting those interpretations on the other side have led major powers to a new conclusion. In this regard major powers try to justify their military interventions by resorting to ethical and humanitarian rules and pretending their obligation to the UN Charter and international order. The continuance of use of force could widen the current loopholes in the international regime of use of force in such a way that  remains almost no superiority for the principle of States' compliance with the UN Charter.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nations Charter
  • Use of Force
  • Iraq War
  • Self Defense
  • Aggression
منابع
الف. فارسی
دادمهر، هادی(1393)،«حقوق بین‌الملل در برابر روابط بین‌الملل؛ بررسی میان رشته‌ای مفهوم اعتبار»، فصلنامه مطالعات میان رشته‌ای در علوم انسانی، 6 (4)، 145-123
 
ب. انگلیسی
Arend, Anthony Clark, (2003) International law and the preemptive use of military force, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 26(2): 89-103
Chan, Kenneth (2013) State Failure and the Changing Face of the Jus ad Bellum, Journal of Conflict and Security Law 1–32
Corten, Olivier (2013) Regulating Resort to Force: A Response to Matthew Waxman from a Bright-Liner, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 24 (1): 191–197
Falk, Richard; Juergensmeyer, Mark, and Popovski, Vesselin (2012) Legality and legitimacy in global affairs, New York, Oxford University Press.
Gilpin, R. G. (1981) War and change in world politics, Cambridge: Cambridge university press.
Gupta, Sanjay (2008) the Doctrine of Pre-emptive Strike: Application and Implications During the Administration of President George W. Bush, International Political Science Review, Vol. 29, (2): 181–196
Hilderbrand, R. C. (1990) Dumbarton oaks: the origins of the UN and the search For post war security, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina press
Hoffmann, S. (1961) International system and international law, World Politics, Vol. 14(1): 205-37
Heupel, Monika (2008) Combining hierarchical and soft modes of governance: the UN Security Council’s approach to terrorism and weapons of mass destruction proliferation after 9/11, Cooperation and Conflict 43(1): 7–29
Hindawi, Coralie Pison (2012), The Controversial Impact of WMD Coercive Arms Control on International Peace and Security: Lessons from the Iraqi and Iranian Cases, Journal of Conflict and Security Law 16 (3): 417–442
Iwanek, Tomasz, (2009) 2003 Invasion of Iraq: How the System Failed, Journal of Conflict & Security 15, (1): 89–116
Johnstone, Ian, (2004) US-UN relations after Iraq: the end of the world order as we know it, European Journal of International Law 15(4): 813-838
Kamamfner, J. (2004) Blair's War, New York: Free Press.
Kramer, Ronald C and Raymond J. Michalowski (2005) War, Aggression, and State Crime: A Criminological Analysis of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq Forced Displacement, British Journal of Criminology 45 (4): 446-469
Ralph, Jason, (2013) America's War on Terror: The State of the 9/11 Exception from Bush to Obama, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ralph, Jason, (2011) After Chilcot: Blair’s “Doctrine of International Community, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 13: 304-25
Russell, R. B. (1958) A history of the United Nations charter: The rule of the United States, Washington, DC: The brooking institution.
Shannon, v. p. (2000) Norms are what states make of them: the political psychology of norm violation, International Studies Quarterly, 44: 293-316
Smidt, Corwin E. (2005) Religion and American Altitudes Toward Islam and an Invasion of Iraq, Sociology of Religion 66 (3) 243-261
Stein, T. L. (1985) the approach of different drummer: the principle of the persistent objector in international law, Harvard international law journal, 26(2): 457-82
Tams, Christian J. (2009) the use of force against terrorists, The European Journal of International Law, 20(2): 359-97
Tardy, Thierry (2007) the UN and the use of force: a marriage against nature, Security Dialogue; 38(1): 49–70
Ulfstein, Geir (2003) Terrorism and the use of force, Security Dialogue 34 (2): 153–167
Watss, Sean (2009) Reciprocity and law of war, Harvard International Law Journal, 51(2): 365-434
Weller, Marc (2010) Iraq and the Use of Force in International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Westra, Joel H. (2007) International law and the use of armed force, London; New York: Rout ledge
Whitman, Jim (2005) Humanitarian intervention in an area of self-defense, Security Dialogue 36(3): 259-274
Woodward, B. (2004) Plan of attack, New York: Simon and Schuste
Zajadlo, Jerzy (2005) Legality and Legitimization of humanitarian intervention: New challenges in the age of the war on terrorism, American Behavioral Scientist, 48(6): 653-70