تحولات مطلق بودن حق مالکیت خصوصی و تأثیر آن بر مسئولیت مالک نسبت به وارد غیرمجاز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار دانشکده حقوق دانشکدگان فارابی دانشگاه تهران

10.22099/jls.2024.48067.4991

چکیده

ازجمله چالش‌های حقوق در هر جامعه ایجاد تعادل بین حق‌ها و منافع متعارض است. مهم‌ترین حق در عالم حقوق حق حیات افراد است. از دیگر سو، حق مالکیت خصوصی افراد نیز جزء حقوق بنیادین افراد در هر جامعه است. بااین‌حال این دو حق ممکن است در عمل با یکدیگر در تزاحم قرار بگیرند. این مقاله به دنبال آن است تا نشان دهد چگونه تغییر دیدگاه جامعه نسبت به مطلق بودن حق مالکیت خصوصی و برتری یافتن اهمیت کرامت انسان‌ها، منجر به تغییر احکام در حدود امکان تصرفات مالکانه راجع به افرادی شده است که بدون مجوز وارد ملک دیگری می‌شوند. به‌عنوان نتیجه و دستاورد پژوهش باید گفت، مطلق بودن حق مالکیت که از قرن 17 میلادی اوج گرفته بود کم کم در اثر فشارهای اجتماعی از اواخر قرن 19 میلادی افول کرده و انواع و اقسام محدودیت‌ها بر آن وارد شد و به تعبیری اجتماعی شد. توجه به این تحول فکری به درک بهتر قوانین و مقررات و تغییرات آن‌ها کمک می‌کند. ازجمله این محدودیت‌ها این است که برخلاف گذشته که مالک دارای قدرت مطلق در هرگونه تصرفی در ملک خودش بود، امروزه مکلف است حتی در ملک خود از انجام برخی اقدامات خطرناک خودداری کند و اقدام‌های احتیاطی لازم را انجام دهد و دیگر نمی‌تواند با تمسک به‌قاعده تسلط (تسلیط) و مطلق بودن مالکیت خود، به‌طورکلی از مسئولیت در مقابل افراد دیگر، حتی آنکه غیرمجاز وارد ملک شده باشند، رها شود. قانون مجازات اسلامی هم در آخرین تحول در سال 1392، این تکلیف مالک را به رسمیت شناخته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes in the absolute nature of private property rights and its impact on the owner’s responsibility towards illegal entrants

نویسنده [English]

  • Rahim Pilvar
AssociateProfessor of University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

This article explores the evolving balance between the right to life and the right to private property. It examines how societal shifts have led to restrictions on the absolute nature of property ownership and how these changes have influenced legal rulings regarding the responsibilities of property owners toward unauthorized entrants.
One of the fundamental challenges in any society is to reconcile conflicting rights and interests. The right to life and the right to private property are two such rights that can sometimes clash. Traditionally, property ownership was viewed as an absolute right, granting the owner complete dominion over their property. However, as societal values have evolved, there has been a growing recognition that the right to life is paramount and that property owners cannot exercise their rights in a way that infringes upon the rights of others.
The concept of absolute ownership has its roots in individualism, which posits that each person's property is their personal domain. This idea has been challenged by the increasing emphasis on social responsibility and the need to protect the rights of all individuals. As a result, various restrictions have been imposed on property ownership, limiting the absolute power that owners once enjoyed.
One significant factor that has contributed to these changes is the strengthening of the idea that human life and dignity must be respected. The right to life is considered the most fundamental of all rights, and it takes precedence over other rights in cases of conflict. This principle is enshrined in international human rights law, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.   
In Islam, the Qur'an clearly states that the right to life is the most important right. Taking the life of another is considered equivalent to killing the entire society. This principle is reflected in the Declaration of Islamic Human Rights, which guarantees the right to life and prohibits any aggression against it.
The view that property owners have absolute power to control their property, even if this leads to harm or damage to others, has gradually been abandoned. This shift in thinking is evident in the laws of many countries and in the opinions of legal experts. Today, the arguments in favor of human life are given more weight than those supporting property rights.
In Iran, the Islamic Penal Code has been amended to reflect these changing views. Articles 507 and 508 of the code now impose restrictions on property owners in their dealings with unauthorized entrants. This represents a significant departure from the previous approach, which held property owners harmless for any harm caused to unauthorized entrants.
In conclusion, the absolute nature of property ownership has declined over time due to societal pressures and a growing emphasis on human rights. This shift in thinking has led to restrictions on property owners' rights and a greater recognition of their responsibilities towards others. By understanding this intellectual evolution, we can better appreciate the laws and regulations that govern property rights today.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Right to life
  • Private ownership
  • Absoluteness of ownership
  • Rule of action (Eqdom)
  • Obligation to be careful

مراجع

 
Alidust, A. and Ebrahimi Rad, M. (2009). Review of the Rule of Dominion and Its Scope, Islamic Law Journal (Jurisprudence and Law), No. 24, Spring [In Persisn]
Aubry et Rau. (1961). Droit civil français, Des biens, 7 ͤ édition Par: Paul Esmein, T.2, Des biens, Librairies Techniques
Bergel .J et Bruschim .M et Cimamonti .S. (2000). Traité de droit civil, Sous la direction de Jaques Ghestin, L.G.D.J
Beudant, C. (1934). Cours de droit civil français, Biens, rousseau et cle
Carbonnier, J. (1980). Droit civil, Les biens, 2  ͤ édition, Sirey.
Carbonnier, J. (1992). Flexible droit, L.G.D.J, 7  ͤ édition
Cooke, J (2001). Law of Tort. Fifth edition. Longman Publication.
Darabpur, M. (2016). Civil liability due to damage to properties, structures and buildings (comparative research with English law) Autumn and Winter, Legal Research Journal - Number 44 ISC (60 pages - from 139 to 198). [In Persisn]
Dietze, G. (1971). In defence of property, Johns Hopkins Press Ltd. London
Duguit, L (1912). Les transformation generals du droit privé depuis le code Napoléon, Paris
Epstein, R (2008). A: Supreme neglect, Oxford
Gorji, A. (1387). Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Majd Scientific and Cultural Assembly, first edition, [In Persisn]
HajiDehabadi, A. (2017) Crimes against Murderers, Mizan Publishing House, 2nd edition, [In Persisn]
Harris, J. (1996). Property and justice, Oxford, First published
Harvy, B & Marston, J. (2000) Cases & Commentary on Tort. Fourth edition. Longman Publication
Hekmatnia, M; Fayazi, M. (2013) Civil liability resulting from property seizures, Islamic Law Journal, spring 2013 - scientific-research issue 40 (Ministry of Science)/ISC (32 pages - from 7 to 38) [In Persisn]
Ibne Qudama. (1392) Al-Mughni and Al-Sharh al-Kabir, volumes 9 and 10, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, Beirut, [In Arabic]
Javadi Amoli, A. (2016). Philosophy of Human Rights, Esra Publications, 5th edition, [In Persisn]
KashifolGheta, M. (1361). Tahrir al-Majlah, Volume 3, Najaf Ashraf, [In Arabic]
Katouzian, N. (2018) Property and Ownership, Judge's Publication, 52nd edition, [In Persisn]
Katouzian, N. (2019). Experimental method of research in law, publishing company, first edition, [In Persisn]
Keli, J. (2012). A Brief History of Legal Theory in the West, translated by Mohammad Rasakh, New Design Publications, first edition [In Persisn]
Khomeini, R. (1390) Tahrir al-Wasila, first and second volumes, Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiyeh, [In Arabic]
Lametti, D. (2006). The morality of James Harrisʼs theory of property, In: Properties of law, Essays in honour of Jim Harris, Edited by: Timothy Endicott and Joshua Getzler and Edwin Peel, oxford
LeTourneau, P. (1982). La responsabilité Civil. 3eédition. Dalloz
Locke, J. (2017). A treatise on government (with introductions by Carpenter and McPherson), Nei Publishing House, first edition, [In Persisn]
Makaremshirazi, N. (1382). Anwar al-Asul, the speech of Nasser Makarem Shirazi/ Ahmed Qudsi, Qom: Madrasah of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib, peace be upon him, [In Arabic]
Makaremshirazi, N. (1411). Al-Qasas al-Fiqhiyyah, Qom: School of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib, peace be upon him, [In Arabic]
Mazeaud, H, L, J. (1976). Leçons de droit civil, Biens, T.2, V.2, Par: Juglart, Montchrestien pub.
Mianji, A. (1387). Private property in Islam, Judge's publication, first edition, [In Persisn]
Mohaghegh, H. (1374). Shar'i al-Islam, translated by Abu al-Qasim Ibn Ahmad Yazdi, Tehran University Press, [In Arabic]
Mobin, H and Amiri, A. (2016). A comparative study of the civil liability of the owner or occupier against authorized and unauthorized entrants in English law and the Islamic legal system, Comparative Research Journal of Islamic and Western Laws, Summer - Scientific-Research Number 12/ISC (34 pages - from 139 to 172). 10.22091/CSIW.2018.1527.1120. [In Persisn]
MohagheghDamad, M. (2010). Jurisprudence Rules of Civil Section Two, Semit Publications, 4th edition, [In Persisn]
Mohammadi, M, Abdali, M, Parveen A. (2017). Basics of civil liability arising from the action of an object (building and animal) in Iranian and French law based on the 2016 French Civil Code, Comparative Law Research Journal, 22nd Spring. 20.1001.1.22516751.1397.22.1.3.7. [In Persisn]
Munzer, S. (1990). A theory of property, Cambridge University Press.
Najafi , M. (1404) Javaher al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharia al-Islam, volumes 37, 41, 42, 43, Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiya, Tehran [In Arabic]
Pilvar, R. (2013). The Philosophy of Property Rights, third edition, publishing company, [In Persisn]
Planiol, M et Ripert, G. (1952) Traité pratique de droit civil Français,T 3 édition, Les biens, Par Picard, L.G.D.J
Rashti, H. (?) Risaleh Fi al-Ghosab, lithography, [In Arabic]
Rasekh, M (2016) Mohammad; "Right" or "value" of life?; A logical point about the claim of the right to the life of the article, Legal Research Fall - Scientific-Research Number 79 (Ministry of Science)/ISC (24 pages - from 75 to 98). 10.22034/JLR.2017.54388 [In Persisn]
Reboul-Maupin, N. (2006). Droit des biens, Dalloz
Ripert, G. (1995). Les forces créatrice du droit, L.G.D.J
Roubier, P. (1951). Théorie générale du droit, 2 ͤ édition, Sirey.
Ryan, A. (1987). Property, University of Minnesota press
Ryan, A. (1984). Property and political theory, Basil Blackwell Inc, First published,
Shaleh, F, (?). History of ownership, translated by Fakhri Nazimi, Iran Books Printing and Publishing Company, [In Persisn]
Seraj, A. (1414). Daman al-Adwan fi Faqe al-Islami, Al-Jamaeeh Institute for Studies and Publication and Distribution, Beirut [In Arabic]
Sistani, A. (1414). The Rule of "No Harm and No Harm", Publisher: Ayatollah Sistani Office, First Edition, Qom, [In Arabic]
Taleghani, M. (1344). Islam and Ownership, Athakh Publishing Company, [In Persisn].
Terré, F et Simler, P. (2018). Droit civil, Les biens Dalloz.
Waldron, J. (2002). The right to private property, oxford, Reprinted.
Yazdanian, A. (2019). A comparative study of the civil liability of the building owner in Iranian and French law, Journal of Private Law Studies, Fall 2019, Year 40 - Scientific-Research Number 3 (Ministry of Science)/ISC (‎23 pages - from 375 to 397).
     20.1001.1.25885618.1389.40.3.21.6. [In Persisn]
Zenati-Castaing, F et Revet, T. (2008). Les biens, 3 ͤ edition.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار