نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
2 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction
Since the brain's control over bodily organs is fundamentally governed by individual will, every bodily movement is attributed to the brain, and every brain command is attributed to the individual's will. While there is no doubt that all movements are controlled by the brain, there remains the possibility that the brain may automatically issue action commands to the body without conscious will. One example of such involuntary behavior is "automatism," which has emerged in Western legal systems as an independent defense against criminal charges. In Persian, "automatism" has been translated as "involuntarily," "unwillingness," and "spontaneous movement." This article adopts the latter translation as the most accurate. The primary objective of this article is to answer the following questions: What is the concept and position of automatism in common law, and what approach can be adopted regarding this matter under Iranian law?
Methods
This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the subject. The required data were primarily collected through library research, including books and academic articles. Additionally, relevant judicial decisions from the common law system were analyzed to provide a comprehensive and precise assessment of various aspects of the topic. This approach enables comparative analysis and critique of both theoretical and practical foundations.
Results
Automatism, which manifests solely as an act, occurs without will, is uncontrollable, unpreventable, and lacks prior planning or prediction. In essence, the action in automatism is attributed to the perpetrator's body rather than to their will or personality. This explanation suggests that automatism possesses two concurrent characteristics, with the predominance of one over the other influencing its perception as a defense: (1) the action originates from the doer, and (2) the action occurs without the doer's will. The article contends that what negates responsibility in such acts is that the act "occurred through" the person rather than being "committed by" them. In other words, while the "act" may be attributed to a person, the "criminal act" cannot be.
In common law, within the discussion of general defenses (justifications and excuses), the term "automatism" appears alongside other defenses such as mistake, insanity, intoxication, self-defense, and necessity. The common law legal system recognizes various factors—along with their resulting criminal acts—under the doctrine of automatism as grounds for negating criminal responsibility. These factors include sudden bodily movements caused by collisions with objects or animals, the use of certain drugs, internal conditions affecting brain function, actions committed while intoxicated or asleep, and conduct occurring immediately after waking or under the influence of terrifying dreams.
In Iranian legal sources, automatism has not been explicitly recognized as a general defense negating defendant responsibility, remaining largely unknown in both legislation and judicial decisions. Some scholars have attempted to classify automatism as a form of internal force; however, this interpretation faces significant objections. While "force" is not explicitly addressed in the Islamic Penal Code of 2013, Iranian law considers it from a jurisprudential perspective. Jurisprudential conceptions of force only encompass certain examples recognized under common law—specifically, external material force. Other forms of force recognized in common law (such as necessity or duress) are treated as independent concepts in jurisprudence. Consequently, automatism cannot be categorized under internal force (whether mental or material), as Iranian law does not recognize internal force as a jurisprudential concept. This article briefly compares automatism with concepts of force, necessity, and insanity under Iranian law.
Conclusion
The status of attribution based on jurisprudential regulations and rules varies in cases of automatism: for some crimes, it may alter the type of responsibility, while for others, it may render responsibility unstable. This article, while examining automatism's position in common law, has determined its potential role in Iranian criminal law and concludes that the legislator should formally recognize automatism as one of the established general defenses.
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