نقش شرط مارتنس در تدوین و جرم انگاری جرایم بین المللی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

شرط مارتنس بدون شک یکی از مقررات بنیادین حقوق معاصر جامعه بین‌المللی است. علاوه بر سایر حوزه‌های حقوق بین الملل، حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری جولانگاه و عرصه‌ای برای حضور و اثرگذاری عینی شرط مارتنس و مظاهر آن بوده است. صورت بندی شرط مارتنس از اصل بشریت و الزامات ناشی از وجدان عمومی به عنوان یک نکته تعیین‌کننده برای ورود به اسناد حقوق بین الملل، بخشی از تفکرات جنایات بین‌المللی را بوجود آورد چرا که اصول بشریت و وجدان انسانی، دو عنصر مرتبط که توسط ارتکاب جنایات تهدید می‌شوند، بخش مهمی از محدوده حفاظتی هستند که وجود جرم در حقوق بین الملل کیفری را توجیه می‌کنند. در این مقاله نشان داده می‌شود که چگونه ایده بشریت و وجدان عمومی منتج از شرط مارتنس در تدوین و شکل‌گیری جرایم بین المللی بویژه جنایات علیه بشریت و نسل‌کشی نقش داشته است. با تتبع در آموزه‌های حقوقی، اسناد و رویه قضایی به این نتیجه می رسیم که با پذیرش قانونی و تفسیر قضایی موسع و حمایتی محاکم کیفری، شرط مارتنس در مسیر جرم‌انگاری جنایات بین المللی و تعرض به ارزشهای انسانی نقش کلیدی ایفا نموده است. در واقع، اوج اعتلای شرط مارتنس در عرصه حقوق بین الملل کیفری در رفع خلأهای حقوقی و مبارزه با بی کیفرمانی و مصونیت جنایتکاران در عرصه بین المللی و تعقیب و محاکمه متجاسران به ارزشهای انسانی تجلی یافته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of The Martens Clause in Codification and Criminalization of International Crimes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Heidar Piri 1
  • parisa dehghani 2
1 Assistant Professor, Law Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan,
2 Ph.D. in Public International Law, Islamic Azad University. Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The Martens Clause is undoubtedly one of the fundamental provisions of contemporary legal order of the international community. In addition to other areas of international law, international criminal law has been an arena for the presence and objective impact of the Martens Clause and its constituent elements.The formulation of the Martens Clause of the principle of humanity and the requirements of public conscience as a determining point for entry into the international law documents, has formed part of the idea of international crimes, because these two related elements that are threatened by the commission of crimes, are an important part of the protected areas which justifies the existence of a crime under international criminal law. this article shows how the principle of humanity and public conscience resulting from the Martens Clause have played a role in the codification and formation of international crimes, especially crimes against humanity and genocide. Following the legal doctrine, international documents and jurisprudence, we conclude that by legal acceptance and an extensive and protective judicial interpretation of criminal court, the Clause has played a key role in criminalizing international crimes and attacks on human values. In fact, the culmination of the Clause in international criminal law has been manifested in filling legal gaps,combating impunity,immunity of perpetrators in international arena, and prosecuting those who violate human values

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Martens Clause
  • Public Conscience
  • Principle of Humanity
  • Criminalization
  • Non-Liquet
  • Crimes against Humanity
  • Genocide
  • War Crimes

مراجع

  • الف. فارسی

    • ورله، گرهارد (1387) «جنایت علیه بشریت در حقوق بین­الملل معاصر»، ترجمه امیر ساعد وکیل، مجله حقوقی بین­المللی، دوره 25، شماره 39، صص 59-100.
    • فلسفی، هدایت­الله (1379) حقوق بین­الملل معاهدات، تهران، فرهنگ نشر نو.
    • آقایان حسینی، محمد؛ راعی دهقی، مسعود (1395) «معناشناسی وجدان انسانی در اسناد بین­المللی»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46، شماره 2، صص 463-441.
    • دهقانی، پریسا؛ رمضانی قوام­آبادی، محمد حسین؛ علی­پور، محمد­رضا (1400) «مدخل­های ورود و کارکردهای شرط مارتنس در حقوق کیفری بین­المللی»، مجله پژوهش حقوق کیفری، دوره 9، شماره 35، صص 237-204.

    ب. انگلیسی

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    - Documents & Cases 

    • Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague,
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    • Corfu Channel case (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Albania), ICJ, 1949.
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    • United States Josef Altstoetter, 4 NMT 733, Washington DC, 1949, Vol. II.

     

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