رهیافتهای حاکم بر دادرسی پذیری حق بر سلامت در نظام های منطقه ای حقوق بشر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 ندارم

2 دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

دسترسی به خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی به عنوان حقی بنیادین توصیف می شود که به دلیل تعلقش به حوزه حق های رفاهی، قابلیت دادخواهی آن از زمان پیدایش این دسته از حق ها مورد مناقشه بوده است. بطوریکه امروزه مهمترین مسئله در این ارتباط، چگونگی دادخواهی و میزان دادرسی پذیری عناصر و مولفه های حق بر سلامت است. بنابراین نوشتار پیش رو بر آن است تا به شیوه ای توصیفی تحلیلی ضمن ارزیابی و نقد نظریات مخالفان دادرسی پذیری، رهیافتهای حاکم بر دادرسی پذیری این حق را نشان داده و در نهایت به این پرسش پاسخ گوید که آیا سیستم های منطقه ای حقوق بشر توانسته اند دادرسی پذیری کامل عناصر حق بر سلامت را فراهم سازند یا خیر. به نظر می رسد که سیستم آفریقایی حقوق بشر بر خلاف سیستم آمریکایی و اروپایی حقوق بشر تا حدی توانسته است دادرسی پذیری کامل حق بر سلامت را در لایه تعهدات حداقلی فراهم سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Approaches to justiciability of right to Health in Regional Human Rights Systems

نویسندگان [English]

  • hiva hajimolla 1
  • Seyed Jamal Seifi 2
1 ندارم
2 Faculty of Law, Department of International Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Access to health services is described as a fundamental right, which due to its belonging to welfare rights, its justiciability has been disputed since emergence of these tights. So that today the most important issue is degree and quality of justiciability of elements and components of the right to health.
Therefore, these paper having been evaluating and criticizing the views of opponents of justiciability in an analytical descriptive manner aims to demonstrate how this right have been reviewed and Finally we want to answer these question that whether regional human rights systems have been able to provide full justiciablity of the elements of the right to health or not. It seems the African human rights system unlike the European and American human rights systems, to a certain extent, has been able to provide full justiciability of right to health at the core minimum obligations level.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Social Rights
  • right to health
  • justiciability
  • minimum core obligations
  • reasonableness criteria
  1. اسلامی، رضا و نامه، فیروزه (1391) «احراز «معیار معقولیت» در قابلیت دادخواهی حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی»، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، 11، صص 402-359.

    تاموشات، کریستیان (1386) حقوق بشر مبانی نظری، تحولات تاریخی و سازوکارهای اجرایی، ترجمه حسین شریفی طرازکوهی، تهران: نشر میزان.

    جاوید، احسان و نیاورانی، صابر (1392) «قلمرو حق سلامتی در نظام بین­المللی حقوق بشر»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، 41، صص 70-47.

    سادات اخوی، سید علی (1387) «پیش‌نویس پروتکل اختیاری میثاق بین­المللی حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی (4 آوریل 2008)»، فصلنامه حقوق، 4، صص 237-221.

    قاری سید فاطمی، سید محمد (1388) حقوق بشر در جهان معاصر؛ جستارهایی تحلیلی از حق­ها و آزادی­ها. جلد دوم، چاپ سوم، تهران: شهر دانش.

    داعی، علی (1390) حق دادخواهی و جبران خسارت قربانیان نقض‌های شدید حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه، رساله دوره دکتری، تهران: دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.

    ب. انگلیسی

    - Articles & Books

    Alston, Philip & Quinn, Gerard (1987) "The Nature and Scope of States Parties’ Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 9, pp. 156-229

    Çakirca Rutbil, Ayşe (2013) Enforceability of Socio-Economic Rights, LMM, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom

    Chapman Audrey and Sage Russell (eds) (2002) Core Obligations: Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Antwerp-Oxford-New York.

    Courtis, Christian (2008) Courts and the Legal Enforcement of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Comparative Experiences of Justiciability, Geneva: International Commission of Jurists.

    Dilys, M. Hill (1992) "Rights and their Realization", In: Beddard, Ralph, Hill, Dilys M. (Eds.) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Progress and Achievement, Southampton: University of Southampton.

    Fried, Charles (1978) Right and Wrong, Harvard University Press.

    Lon L. Fuller and Kenneth I. Winston (1978) "The Forms and Limits of Adjudication", Harvard Law Review, Vol. 92, pp. 353-409

    Melish, Tara (2009) "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights Beyond Progressivity", in: Malcom Langford, Social Rights Jurisprudence Emerging Trends in International and Comparative Law, Cambridge.

    Nolan, Aoife & et al, (2007) “The Justiciability of Social and Economic Rights: An Updated Appraisal”, Human Rights Consortium, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

    Wiles, Ellen (2006) "Aspirational Principles or Enforceable Rights? The Future for Socio-Economic Rights in National Law", American University International Law Review, Vol. 22, pp. 35-64

    Langford, Malcolm, (2009) Social Rights Jurisprudence Emerging Trends in International and Comparative Law, Cambridge University Press.

    Melish, Tara (2002) Protecting economic, social and cultural rights in the Inter-American human rights system: A manual on presenting claims, Yale Law School & CDES

    AA An-Na’im (2004) “To affirm the full human rights standing of economic, social and cultural rights” in: Y Ghai & G Cottrell (eds) Economic, social and cultural rights in practice: The role of judges in implementing economic, social and cultural rights, INTERIGHTS, London.

     

    - Jurisprudence

    African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (2011) IHRDA & OSJI (on behalf of children of Nubian descent in Kenya) v. Kenya, 002/Com/002/09.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) (2009) Sudan Human Rights Organisation & Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) v. Sudan, 279/03, 296/03.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), (2011) Purohit and Moore v. Gambia, 241/01,

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), (2001) Social and Economic Rights Action Center and Another v Nigeria, Communication 155196.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), (2013) Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and INTERIGHTS v Egypt, Communication 323/0612.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), (2000) Free Legal Assistance Group & Others v. Zaire, Communications 25/89- 47/90-56/91-100/93.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), (2000) Malawi African Association and Others v Mauritania, Communications 54/91, 61/91, 98/93, 164–196/97, 210/ 98.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), (2008) Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa v Angola, AHRLR 43.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), (2001) Social and Economic Rights Action Centre & Another v Nigeria, (Ogoni Case) AHRLR 60

    European Court of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), (1979), Airey v. Ireland.

     European Court of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), (2014) Dzemyuk v. Ukraine, Application no. 42488/02.

    European Court of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), (1994) Lopez Ostra v. Spain, Application no. 16798/90.

    European Court of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), (2015) Sergey Antonov v. Ukraine, Application no. 40512/13.

    Inter-American Court of Human Rights, (2012), Furlán and Family V. Argentina, Series C. No. 246

    European Court of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), (2004) the Juvenile Reeducation Institute’ v. Paraguay, Series C. No. 122.

    European Court of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), (2006) Ximénes-Lópes v. Brasil, Series C, No. 149.

    European Committee of Social Rights, (2008), Mental Disability Advocacy Centre (MDAC) v Bulgaria

     

    - Documents

    Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 17 November 1988.

    African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights,

    African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.

    American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of SanJosé), 1969.

    Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable, 2000.

    Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties’ Obligations, 1990.

    Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989.

    International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965

    The General Assembly Resolution, Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 10 December 2008.

    1. N. General Assembly, "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", A/69/299 11 August 2014.