هماهنگ سازی حقوق خصوصی در اتحادیه ی اروپا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

در چند دهه اخیر، ازجمله مهم‌ترین و جدیدترین تحولات حقوق خصوصی در قلمرو اروپا، گذر از چارچوب­های ملی و اروپایی شدن این رشته از حقوق تحت تأثیر هماهنگ­سازی­های اتحادیه­ اروپایی است. با توجه به اصل تفویضی بودن صلاحیت­های اتحادیه­ اروپا، پرسش بنیادین در این مقاله عبارت است از این‌که مبنای صلاحیت اتحادیه در وضع قواعد هماهنگ حقوق خصوصی چیست. برای پاسخ به این پرسش، این مقاله به تحلیل اقتصادی تفاوت و تنوع قواعد حقوق خصوصی در کشورهای عضو اتحادیه می‌پردازد. چنین تحلیلی نشان­ می­دهد اختلاف نظام­های حقوق خصوصی در اتحادیه با افزایش هزینه­های معاملاتی و اختلال در رقابت، مانع ایجاد و عملکرد مطلوب بازار داخلی اروپایی می­شود. به همین دلیل، اتحادیه بر مبنای ماده­ 114 معاهده­ عملکرد اتحادیه­ اروپا، صلاحیت تقنین در این حوزه را دارا شده است. پرسش دیگر این مقاله آن است که اتحادیه برای هماهنگ­سازی حقوق خصوصی از چه سازوکارهایی استفاده می‌کند. مهم‌ترین سازوکارهایی که در این خصوص مطرح است عبارت ‌است از تصویب معاهدات، آیین­نامه­ها و دستورالعمل‌ها، رویه­ قضایی و حقوق نرم. هر یک از این روش­ها مزایا و معایب ویژه­ خود را دارند که در این مقاله بررسی می­شود. روش‌شناسی اتحادیه اروپایی نشان­ می­دهد اتحادیه برای رسیدن به هماهنگ­سازی مطلوب در زمینه حقوق خصوصی، رویکردی چند ابزاری اختیار کرده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Harmonization of Private Law in the European Union

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Sadeghi Neshat 1
  • Hasna Haj Najafi 2
1 University of Tehran, Faculty of Law and Political Science
2 PhD Candidate, Faculty of Law and Political Science , University of Tehran
Archer, Clive (2008) The European Union, Oxon: Routledge.
Bar, Christian von (1998) Towards a European Civil Code, 2nd ed. Kluwer Law International.
Basedow, Jürgen (2004) “The Gradual Emergence of European Law”, Ankara Law Review, Vol.1, No. l, pp. 1-18.
Benacchio, Gian Antonio, Pasa, Barbara (2005) A Common Law for Europe, Trans. Lesley Orme, Budapest: Central European University Press.
Bowker, Andrew (2009) “Towards a European Contract Code: Harnessing the Gradual Convergence to Solve the Economics Problems of Divergent Contract Laws”, The Edinburgh Student Law Review, Vol.1, issue 1, pp. 19-47.
Cafaggi, Fabrizio (2007) “Which Governance for European Private Law?”, European University Institute Working Paper Law, No. 2007/26, online : http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/7095/LAW-2007-26.pdf;sequence=1 .
Chalmers, Damian, Davies, Gareth, Monti, Giorgio (2010) European Union Law: Cases and Materials, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chirico, Filomena, Larouche, Pierre (2008) “Conceptual Divergence, Functionalism and the Economics of Convergence” in Prechal & Roermund, eds. The Coherence of EU Law: The Search for Unity in Divergent Concepts, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collins, Hugh (2008) The European Civil Code: The Way Forward, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Craig, Paul, Búrca, Gráinne de (2008) EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
European Commission (2011) Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Common European Sales Law, online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52011PC0635 .
Fennelly, Nial (1996) “Legal Interpretation at the European Court of Justice”, Fordham International Law Review, Vol. 20, issue 3, pp. 656-679.
Gerven, Walter van (1996) “European Court of Justice Case Law as a Means of Unification of Private Law?”, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 20, issue 3, pp. 680-698.
Giliker, Paula (2013) “The Draft Common Frame of Reference and European Contract Law from the Academic to the Political”, in Devenney & Kenny, eds. The Transformation of European Private Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Godel, Moritz Immanuel et al (2016) “Reducing Costs and Barriers for Businesses in the Single Market” , Study for the IMCO Committee, online at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/578966/IPOL_STU(2016)578966_EN.pdf
Gomes, Ana Sofia (2015) “The Proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law (CESL): An Introduction” in Plaza Penadés & Martínez Velencoso, eds. European Perspectives on the Common European Sales Law, Switzerland, Springer, pp. 1-16.
Gómez Pomar, Fernando (2008) “The Harmonization of Contract Law through European Rules: a Law and Economics Perspective”, European Review of Contract Law, Vol.4, issue 2, pp. 89-118
Gutman, Kathleen (2014) The Constitutional Foundations of European Contract Law, A Comparative Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hesselink, Martijn W. (2002) The New European Private Law; Essays On the Future of Private Law in Europe, The Hague: Kluwer Law International Publishing.
Hesselink, Martijn W. Mak, Chantal, Rutgers, Jacobien W.(2009) “Constitutional Aspects of European Private Law: Freedoms, Rights and Social Justice in the Draft Common Frame of Reference”, Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No. 2009/05, online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1413089 .
Hesselink, Martijn W. et al, Principles of European Law: Commercial Agency, Franchise and Distribution Contracts (PEL CAFDC), Munich: Sellier, 2006.
Jansen, Nils (2006) “European Civil Code” in Smits, Jan M. ed. Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 247-258.
Jansen, Nils (2010) The Making of Legal Authority: Non-legislative Codifications in Historical and Comparative Perspective, New York, Oxford University Press.
Kaczorowska-Ireland, Alina (2016) European Union Law, 4th ed. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Király, Miklós (2011) “The Limits of Harmonising Contract Law in the European Union” in Somssich & Szabados eds. Central and Eastern European Countries after and before the Accession, vol.1, Budapest: Department of Private International Law and European Economic Law ELTE, online: https://www.ajk.elte.hu/file/JM_EuropaiJogiTanulmanyok_1.pdf  , pp. 245- 264.
Kuipers, Jan‐Jaap (2012) EU Law and Private International Law: The Interrelationship in Contractual Obligations, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Laborde, Carolina M. (2010) Electronic Signatures in International Contracts, Frankfurt: Peter Lang GmbH.
Lando, Ole (2002) “Principles of European Contract Law and Unidroit Principles: Similarities, Differences and Perspectives”, online at: http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/lando6.html#13 
Lookofsky, Joseph (2000) “The Harmonization of Private and Commercial Law: Towards a European Civil Code", in International Aspects, Stockholm: Jure, pp. 111-122.
Lundmark, Thomas (2003) in Schulze & Seif eds. Richterrecht und Rechtsfortbildung in der Europäischen Rechtsgemeinschaft, Mohr Siebeck Pub, pp. 161-168.
Mańko, Rafał (2014) "Methods for unifying private law in the EU" European Parliamentary Research Service, Briefing no. 130628REV1. Online at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2674645
Mańko, Rafał (2015) “EU Competence in Private Law: The Treaty framework for a European private law and challenges for coherence”, Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service, online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2553945 .
Mason, Stephen (2012) Electronic Signatures in Law, Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed.
McAuliffe, Karen (2013) “Precedent at the ECJ: The Linguistic Aspect”, Current Legal Issues, vol. 15, 483-493.
Micklitz, Hans-Wolfgang, Patterson, Dennis (2012) “From the Nation State to the market: the evolution of EU private law, European University Institute Working Papers, online: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2115463 .
Micklitz, Hans-Wolfgang (2014) “The EU as a Federal Order of Competences and the Private Law”, in Azoulai, Loic, ed. The Question of Competence in the European Union, New York: Oxford University Press, 125-151.
Moens, Gabriël, Trone John (2010) Commercial Law of the European Union, Murdoch: Springer.
Mousourakis, George (2019) Comparative Law and Legal Traditions: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Cham: Springer.
Rank, Willem (2006) “Harmonization of National Security Rights” in Drobnig, Ulrich et al, eds. Divergences of Property Law: An Obstacle to the Internal Market? Munchen: Sellier European Law Publishers, pp. 201-216.
Renard, Isabelle, Barberis, Marie (2002) “france”, in Spindler & Börner, eds. E-Commerce Law in Europe and the USA, Berlin: Springer, pp. 69-152.
Rott, Peter (2005) “What is the Role of the ECJ in EC Private Law - A Comment on the ECJ Judgments in Oceano Grupo, Freiburger Kommunalbauten, Leitner and Veedfald”, Hanse Law Review, Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 6-17.
Sammut, Ivan, Constructing Modern European Private Law: A Hybrid System, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016.
Schulze, Reiner (2011) “Contours of European Private Law”, in Schulze & Schulte-Nölke, eds. European Private Law – Current Status and Perspectives, Munich: Sellier.
Schütze, Robert (2015) An Introduction to European Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Seifer, Achim (2010) “European Labour Law-Assessing a slowing down of European social policy”, in Schulze & Schulte-Nolke, European Private La – Current Status and Perspectives, Munich: Sellier.
Senden, Linda (2004) Soft Law in European Community Law, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Smits, Jan M. (1998) “A European Private Law as a Mixed Legal System”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, vol.5, 328-340.
Smits, Jan M. (2002) The Making of European Private Law; Toward a Ius Commune European as a Mixed Legal System, Trans. By Nicole Kornet, Antwerp, Intersentia Pub.
Smits, Jan M. (2006) “European Private Law: A Plea for a Spontanous Legal Order”, Published in: Curtin, Smits, Klip & McCahery, European Integration and Law; Four Contributions on the Interplay between European Integration and European and National Law, Antwerpen-Oxford: Intersentia, online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=897478 .
Smits, Jan M. (2007) “Convergence of Private Law in Europe: Towards a New Ius Commune?” in Örücü & Nelken, eds. Comparative Law: A Hand Book, Hart publishing, 219-240, [Smits: 2007 (A)].
Smits, Jan M. (2007) “Law Making in the European Union: On Globalization and Contract Law in Divergent Legal Cultures”, Louisiana Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 1181-1203, [Smits, 2007 (B)].
Smits, Jan M. (2014) Contract Law: A Comparative Introduction, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Stone, Peter (2014) EU Private International Law: Harmonization of Laws, 3rd ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar publishing.
Twigg-Flesner, Christian (2010) "Inroduction: Key Features of European Union Private Law" in Twigg-Flesner ed. The Cambridge Companion to European Union Private Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010
Twigg-Flesner, Christian (2011) “Good-Bye Harmonisation by Directives, Hello Cross-Border Only Regulation?” – A way forward for EU Consumer Contract Law”, European Review of Contract Law, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 235-256.
Verstijlen, Frank M. J (2006) “General Aspects of Transfer and Creation of Property Rights including Security Rights” in Drobnig et al, eds. Divergences of Property law, an Obstacle to the Internal Market? Munchen: Sellier European Law Publishers, pp. 17-36.
Weatherill, Stephen (2006) "Diversities between National Laws in the Internal Market” in Drobnig et al, eds. Divergences of Property Law, an Obstacle to the Internal Market? Munchen: Sellier European Law Publishers, pp. 131-152.
Weatherill, Stephen (2011) “The Limits of Legislative Harmonization Ten Years after Tobacco Advertising: How the Court's Case Law Has Become a Drafting Guide”, German Law Journal, vol. 12. No. 3, pp. 827 -864.
Wulf, Alexander J. (2016) “Who Would Use the Common European Sales Law? An Empirical Analysis of Cross-Border Consumer Contracts in the European Internal Market” in Bełdowski et al eds, Polish Yearbook of Law and Economics, vol. 6, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo, pp. 31-50
Young, Alasdair (2007) “The Politics of Regulation and the Internal Market”, in Jørgensen et al, eds. The SAGE Handbook of European Union Politics, London: Sage Publications, pp. 373-394.
Zimmermann, Reinhard (2006) “Comparative Law and the Europeanization of Private Law”, in Reimann & Zimmermann, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law: Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 539-578.