Intersectionality of Law and Emotion: Entry Points for Emotion in Legal Proceedings

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

PhD graduate in Public Law, Public and Economic Law, Law Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
This article is based on the premise that the traditional dichotomy of law and emotion faces serious challenges. This premise is deduced from the empirical findings of neuroscience regarding the existence of mirror neurons, which make feeling the emotions of others possible and inevitable, along with the dual-process model of decision-making. This model requires the cooperation of rational and emotional processing and shows that moral judgment is dependent on emotions.
Every legal actor, whether serving as a legislator or donning the judicial robe, may agree that “emotion inevitably enters the legal decision-making process, whether legal actors are aware of it or not.” However, this broad claim offers no practical guidance for clarifying the specific. ways in which emotion influences judicial decision-making. In order to clarify some of these entry points, the article begins with the premise that law, a priori, cannot be for or against emotions. Emotionality is a dimension of human nature; however, responses to emotion are determined within a framework 




Intersectionality of Law and Emotion: Entry Points for Emotion …




and according to the objectives of the law. Therefore, it does not take a normative stance on the value of any specific emotion. Although some argue that certain moral emotions contribute to the formation and sustainability of moral systems across cultures, emotions are not inherently moralistic or beneficial for morality. Instead, they play a constructive role in moral responses.
 Judges may err due to reliance on irrelevant emotions, by improperly applying or excessively amplifying appropriate emotions. As an effort to make emotions reliable, correcting these errors requires identifying the points at which emotion enters the legal process. When this reliability is reconsidered, encouraging judges to consider emotions in interpreting rights equips them with a corrective tool against excessive legal formalism and attracts their attention to otherwise overlooked violated rights. The integration of emotions moderates the detached voice of outdated legal analysis and makes it more human-centered. Therefore, “studies on law and emotion” demonstrate the vital role of emotion in everyone’s legal life.
 Protecting abstract legal concepts requires judges to develop a strong emotional understanding of specific situations and individuals during their reasoning process. This article seeks to create a coherent body of literature, building on previous findings regarding the role of emotion in legal decision-making based on neuroscience studies and the importance of empathy in judgment. It aims to make the abstract concept of “emotion in judicial decision-making” more concrete by presenting examples and thereby enlightening legal actors about its impacts.
 
Methods
This manuscript tries to address the non-enumerated ways in which emotions enter legal proceedings and judicial decision-making. Answering this question requires case studies and analysis of legal texts. It should be noted that the answers provided merely represent a partial reality and are not exhaustive.
This study falls within the category of normative legal research and seeks to offer an explanation of law, legal concepts, and principles. This research adopts a library-based approach. Materials are gathered through case studies and legal texts analysis. The present analysis uses the legal doctrine approach within “Law and Emotion” scholarship, in the sense that it tries to analyze how emotion is, could be, or should be reflected in a particular area of legal doctrine. It is also related to the legal actor approach, as it shows how lawmakers or judges bring emotional concepts into the legal sphere consciously or unconsciously.
 




Volume 18, Issue 1, Spring 2026
 




Results
Emotion in judicial proceedings can serve as a tool for judges, guiding their minds toward the importance of concepts like justice and altruism (orienting role), expanding general legal concepts such as human dignity and fairness (tracking role), or placing them in a suitable position to respond to rights violations (serving role) through empathy or courage.
The law, whether dealing with criminal law, fundamental rights and freedoms, or private fields such as property, family, or procedural law, carries an emotional charge. Thus, a judge’s task is inherently infused with emotion, and it is unreasonable to expect them to function as machines devoid of any human sensibility. The laws themselves generate emotions and provide judges with opportunities to manage these emotions through their judicial decisions. Accordingly, the role of judges should shift from suppressing emotions to cultivating constructive and adaptive emotions through judicial decisions. Understanding the entry points of emotion in legal decision-making provides an opportunity to leverage judicial and institutional capacities to foster adaptive emotions by considering them in legal interpretation.
 
Conclusions
Emotions are both a tool in the judicial work and a factor that influences the subject matter of judicial activity, namely, the law itself. They are also shaped by legislation and jurisprudence. A judge who engages with legal content replete with emotional elements cannot reasonably be expected to set emotion aside. The only viable approach is to become aware of emotions and regulate them, rather than suppressing or denying emotional responses. Many rules designed to regulate adjudication, particularly those embodied in procedural law, have pursued this very goal. However, confining judges to extreme formalism silences the constructive role of emotions in law. If judges are encouraged to attend to emotions in interpreting rights, they will possess a corrective tool against excessive formalism. The use of emotion in legal interpretation helps ensure that the real-world effects of law are taken seriously. It also highlights the human rights that may have been overlooked. Therefore, law and adjudication can function as powerful instruments for cultivating constructive emotions, those that, irrespective of their positive or negative valence, ultimately contribute to the formation of a cohesive society.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References
Abrams, K. (2009). Exploring the Affective Constitution. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 59(3), 571-596. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol59/iss3/3
Abrams, K. & Karen, H. (2007). Law in the Cultivation of Hope. California Law Review, 95, 319–381. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z383D9B
Abrams, K. & Keren, H. (2010). Who’s Afraid of Law and the Emotions?. Minnesota Law Review, 94(1), 1997-2074. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2434251
Abrams, K., & Karen, Hill (2013). Legal Hopes: Enhancing Resilience through the External Cultivation of Positive Emotions. NILQ, 64(1), 111-23. https://doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v64i1.337
Arndt, J., Lieberman, J. D., Cook, A., & Solomon, S. (2005). Terror Management in the Courtroom: Exploring the Effects of Mortality Salience on Legal Decision Making. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(3), 407–438. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1076-8971.11.3.407
Atkinson, R., Atkinson, R., Smith, A., Bam, D., Hoeksma, S. (2021). Hilgard's Background in Psychology. Translated by Mohammad Taghi Baraheni and others, Tehran: Roshd Publications [In Persian].
Bandes, S. A. (1996). Empathy, Narrative, and Victim Impact Statements. The University of Chicago Law Review, 63(2), 361-412.
https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol63/iss2/1
Bandes, S. A. (2009). Victims, ‘Closure,’ and the Sociology of Emotion. Law and Contemporary Problems, 72(1), 1–26. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol72/iss2/2
Bandes, S. A. (2017). ‘Compassion and the Rule of Law’, International Journal of Law in Context,13, no. 2, 184-196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552317000118
Bandes, S. A. (2015a). Law and Emotion. In Wright, J. D. (ed.). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Oxford: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.86145-0
Bandes, S. A. (2015b). Moral Shock and Legal Education. Journal of Legal Education. 65(2). 298-305. https://jle.aals.org/home/vol65/iss2/4/
Bandes, S. A. (2015c). Remorse and Criminal Justice. Emotion Review, 8(1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915601222
Bianchi, A. & Saab, A. (2019). Fear and International Law-Making: An Exploratory Inquiry. Leiden Journal of International Law, 32(3), 351–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156519000177
Bandes, S. A. (2022). What Are Victim Impact Statements For? Brooklyn Law Review, 87(4), 1259-1287. Available at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol87/iss4/7
Bandes S. A. & Blumenthal, J. (2012). Emotion and the Law. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8(1), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173825
Bornstein, B. H., & Miller, M. K. (2016). Advances in Psychology and Law. Vol. 1, New York: Springer International Publishing.
Bornstein, B. H., & Miller, M. K. (2016). Advances in Psychology and Law. Vol. 2, New York: Springer International Publishing.
Bornstein, B. H., & Miller, M. K. (2018). Advances in Psychology and Law. Vol. 3, New York: Springer International Publishing.
Bornstein, B. H., & Miller, M. K. (2019). Advances in Psychology and Law. Vol. 4, New York: Springer International Publishing.
Bornstein, B. H., & Miller, M. K. (2020). Advances in Psychology and Law. Vol. 1, New York: Springer International Publishing.
Bright, D. A., & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2004). The Influence of Gruesome Verbal Evidence on Mock Juror Verdicts. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 11(1), 154–166. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1375/1321871041335984
Bright, D. A., & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2006). Gruesome Evidence and Emotion: Anger, Blame, and Jury Decision-Making. Law and Human Behavior, 30(2), 183–202. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10979-006-9027-y
Calder, G. (2021). Whose Body is This? On the Role of Emotion in Teaching and Learning Law. In Susan Bandes, Patrick, Jody Lyneé Madeira, Kathryn Temple, and Emily Kidd White (2021). Research Handbook on Law and Emotion (pp. 62-79), Edgar Elgar Publication. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3673491
Calhoun, Ch (1999). Making Up Emotional People, The Case of Romantic Love, In S. A. Bandes (Ed.), The passions of law (pp. 217-240). New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814739297.003.0013
Carlton, P. (2021). When Souls Shudder: A Brief History of Disgust and the Law. In Susan Bandes, Patrick, Jody Lyneé Madeira, Kathryn Temple, and Emily Kidd White (2021). Research Handbook on Law and Emotions (pp. 80-93), Edgar Elgar Publication. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3308219
Charman, S., Matuku, K., Mosser, A. (2019). The Psychology of Alibis. In: Bornstein, B., Miller, M. (eds). Advances in Psychology and Law, vol 4 (pp. 41-72). Springer International Publishing.
Chin, D. (2012). Sentencing: A Role for Empathy. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 160(6), 1561-1584.
 https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol160/iss6/1
Conway, H. (2021). The Emotional Dynamics of Property Law. In Bandes et al. (eds.). Research Handbook on Law and Emotion (pp. 229-247), Edgar Elgar Publication. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119085
Douglas, K. S., Lyon, D. R., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (1997). The Impact of Graphic Photographic Evidence on Mock Jurors' Decisions in a Murder Trial: Probative or Prejudicial? Law and Human Behavior, 21(5), 485–50.
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024823706560
Ekman, P. (1992). An Argument for Basic Emotions. Cognition and Emotion. 6(3-4), 169-200. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/02699939208411068
Feigenson, N. (1997). Sympathy and Legal Judgment. Tennessee Law Review, 65(1), 1–78.
Feigenson, N. (2021). Emotional Dimensions of Visual Evidence. In: Bandes et al. (eds.). The Research Handbook on Law and Emotion (pp. 312-326), Edgar Elgar Publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788119085.00034
Freeman, A. D. (1978). Legitimizing Racial Discrimination through Antidiscrimination Law: A Critical Review of Supreme Court Doctrine. Minnesota Law Review, 62, 1049-1120. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/804
Gardner, J. (2009). The Logic of Excuses and the Rationality of Emotions. Journal of Value Inquiry, 43 (3), 315-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10790-009-9181-9
Gendron, M. (2021). The Evolving Neuroscience of Emotion: Challenges and Opportunities for Integration with the Law. In Bandes et al.(eds.) Research Handbook on Law and Emotion (pp. 27-42), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119085.00011
Goldberg, P. (2013). Courts and Legislatures Have Kept the Proper Leash on Pet Injury Lawsuits: Why Rejecting Emotion-Based Damages Promotes the Rule of Law, Modern Values, and Animal Welfare. Stanford Journal of Animal Law and Policy, 6, 30-80.
Grady, R. H., Reiser, L., Garcia, R. J., Koeu, C., & Scurich, N. (2018). Impact of Gruesome Photographic Evidence on Legal Decisions: A Meta-Analysis. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 25(4), 503–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2018.1440468
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of Resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping (pp. 127–147). Oxford University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-25086-007
Jones, E. (2021). …You don’t Pay £100,000 to a Lawyer Unless You Care About Something. The Role of Emotion in Contract Law. In: Bandes, Susan A.; Madeira, Jody Lynée; Temple, Kathryn D. and White, Emily Kidd eds. Research Handbook of Law and Emotion (pp. 248- 267). Research Handbooks in Legal Theory. Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119085.00030
Kahan, D. M. (1999). The Progressive Appropriation of Disgust. In S. A. Bandes (Ed.), The passions of law (pp. 63–79). New York University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-07067-002
Kamyab M, Jalali M. (2022). Law and Emotion: The Implications of Neuroscience for Legal Decision-Making. MLJ, 16 (57):660-675. http://ijmedicallaw.ir/article-1-1450-en.html [In Persian].
Kaplan, J., Cutler, B.L., Leach, AM., Eastwood, J., Marion, S. (2019). Evaluating Coercion in Suspect Interviews and Interrogations. In: Bornstein, B., Miller, M. (eds) Advances in Psychology and Law. Advances in Psychology and Law (pp. 1-40), vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11042-0_1
Kilty, J. M. (2021). The Emotional Storying of Charles Ssenyonga as an HIV Sexual Predator in: June Callwood, Trial without End: A Shocking Story of Women and AIDS. In Bandes et al. (eds.), Research Handbook on Law and Emotion (pp. 342-358), Edgar Elgar Publication. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119085.00036
Lazarus, R. (1999). Hope: An Emotion and a Vital Coping Resource Against Despair. Social Research, 66(2),653-678. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971343
Little, L. E. (2002). Adjudication and Emotion. Florida Coastal Law Journal, 3, 205-218. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1367943
Mahlmann, M. (2023). Mind and Rights: The History, Ethics, Law and Psychology of Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maroney, T. A. (2009). Emotional Common Sense as Constitutional Law. Vanderbilt Law Review, 62(3), 851-917. https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol62/iss3/2
Maroney, T. A. (2011). The Persistent Culture of Judicial Dispassion. Vanderbilt Law Review, 99, 629-682. https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty-publications/765
Maroney, T. A. (2020). (What We Talk About When We Talk About) Judicial Temperament. Boston College Law Review, 61(6), 2085-2153.
https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3517559
Maroney, T. A. (2021). Judicial Temperament Explained. Judicature, 105(2), 48-57. https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty-publications/1221
Massaro, T. (1999). Show (Some) Emotions. In Bandes, S. (Ed.), The Passions of Law (pp. 80-120). New York, USA: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814739297.003.0008
Miller, W. I. (1999). Fear, Weak Legs, and Running Away: A Soldier’s Story. In Bandes (ed.) The Passion of Law (241-264), New York: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814739297.003.0014
Milojevich, H. M., Quas, J. A., & Yano, J. Z. (2016). Children's Participation in Legal Proceedings: Stress, Coping, and Consequences. In M. K. Miller & B. H. Bornstein (Eds.), Advances in Psychology and Law (pp. 185–216). Springer International Publishing. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-319-29406-3_6
Minow, M. (1999). Institutions and Emotions: Redressing Mass Violence. In Bandes (ed.). The Passion of Law (pp. 265-284), New York: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814739297.003.0015
Minow, L. M, Spelman, E. V. (1988), Passion for Justice, Cardozo Law Review, 10, 37-76. https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/clr/vol10/iss1/6
Moehler, E., Biringen, Z., & Poustka, L. (2007). Emotional Availability in a Sample of Mothers with a History of Abuse. The American journal of orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 624–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.624
Morse, S. J. (2011). Lost in Translation? An Essay on Law and Neuroscience. In Freeman, M. (ed.), Law and Neuroscience: Current Legal Issues, Vol. 13, Oxford: Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599844.003.0028
Morse, S. J. (2015). Neuroscience, Free Will, and Criminal Responsibility.In Glannon, W (2015). Free Will and the Brain: Neuroscientific, Philosophical, and Legal Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565820.014
Murphy, J. G., (2007). Remorse, Apology, and Mercy. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 4(2), 423-453. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424709
Nadler, J. (2018). The Social Psychology of Property: Looking Beyond Market Exchange. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 14, 367–80.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113627
Nussbaum, M. (1999). “Secret Sewers of Vice”: Disgust, Bodies, and the Law. In Bandes (ed.). The Passion of law (17-62), New York: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814739297.003.0006
Nussbaum, M. (2004). Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Nussbaum, M. (2022). The Monarchy of Fear, translated by Hamed Ghadiri, Tehran: Tarjuman Publications [In Persian].
Ong, D. C., Zaki, J., & Goodman, N. D. (2019). Computational Models of Emotion Inference in Theory of Mind: A Review and Roadmap. Topics in Cognitive Science, 11(2), 338–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12371
Petoft A, Abbasi M, Zali A. (2021a). The Validation Requirements of Neuroscientific Evidences before Courts. MLJ, 15 (56):431-443. http://ijmedicallaw.ir/article-1-1032-en.html [In Persian].
Petoft A, Abbasi M, Zali A. (2021b). The Use of Neuroscientific Evidence in the Modern Criminal Law with Emphasizing on the UK and Canadian Neurolitigation. MLJ, 15 (56):241-259. http://ijmedicallaw.ir/article-1-1012-en.html [In Persian].
Petoft, A. (2020). An Overview of the Technical Limitations of Applying the fMRI Method in Neurolaw. Bioethics Journal, 9(34): 95-107.
https://doi.org/10.22037/bioeth.v9i34.27119 [In Persian].
Posner, R. (1999). Emotion versus Emotionalism in Law. In S. Bandes (Ed.), The Passions of Law (pp. 309-329). New York, USA: New York University Press.
https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/book_chapters/149/
Putman, D. (2001). The Emotions of Courage. Journal of Social Philosophy, 32(4), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/0047-2786.00107
Simpson, G. (2021). The Sentimental Life of International Law. Oxford University Press eBooks.
 Sajó, A. (2011). Constitutional Sentiments. New York: Yale University Press.
Salerno, J. M., & Peter-Hagene, L. C. (2013). The Interactive Effect of Anger and Disgust on Moral Outrage and Judgments. Psychological science, 24(10), 2069–2078.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613486988
Sanger, C. (2001). The Role and Reality of Emotions in Law. William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 8(1),107-113.
https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol8/iss1/5/
Semmler, C. & Brewer, N. (2002). Effects of Mood and Emotion on Juror Processing and Judgments. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20(4), 423–36.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.502
Scurich, N. (2016). Structured risk assessment and legal decision-making. In M. K. Miller & B. H. Bornstein (Eds.), Advances in Psychology and Law, vol.1, (pp. 159–183). Springer International Publishing. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-319-29406-3_5
Solomon, R. C. (2004). Emotions, Thoughts, and Feelings: Emotions as Engagements with the World. In Robert Solomon (ed.). Thinking About Feeling: Contemporary Philosophers on Emotions (pp. 1-18). Oxford University Press.
https://philpapers.org/rec/SOLETA-2
Strack, J., Lopes, P., Esteves, F., & Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2017). Must We Suffer to Succeed? When Anxiety Boosts Motivation and Performance. Journal of Individual Differences, 38(2), 113–124. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/1614-0001/a000228
Sunstein, C. R. (2005). Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle, Cambridge University Press.
Tamir, M., & Bigman, Y. E. (2018). Expectations Influence How Emotions Shape Behavior. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 18(1), 15–25.
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/emo0000351
Tiedens, L. Z. & Linton, S. (2001). Judgment Under Emotional Certainty and Uncertainty: The Effects of Specific Emotions on Information Processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 973–88.
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.973
Trotter, S. (2022). Hope’s Relations: A Theory of the ‘Right to Hope’ in European Human Rights Law. Human Rights Law Review, 22(2), ngac007.
https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngac007
Tugade, M. M. (2011). Positive Emotions and Coping: Examining Dual-Process Models of Resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Stress, health, and Coping (pp. 186–199). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0010
Tulkens, F. (2014). Parity on the Bench: Why? Why Not. European Human Rights Law Review. 6, 587-595.
Van Ee, E., & Blokland, J. (2019). Bad Blood or My Blood: A Qualitative Study into the Dimensions of Interventions for Mothers with Children Born of Sexual Violence. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(23), 4810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234810
West, R. (1986). Law, Rights, and Other Totemic Illusions: Legal Liberalism and Freud's Theory of the Rule of Law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 134, 817-882. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol134/iss4/2
West, R. (2016). Law’s Emotion. Richmond Public Interest Law Review, 19(4), 339-362. https://scholarship.richmond.edu/pilr/vol19/iss4/9
West, R.  (2017), Law’s Emotion. In Sellers, M. (eds.). Law, Reason, and Emotion (pp. 32-54), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108355223.004
 
White, E. K. (2011). Till Human Voices Wake Us: The Role of Emotions in the Adjudication of Dignity Claims. Journal of Law, Religion and State, 3, 201-239. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2645993
White, E. K. (2019). Replaying the Past: Roles for Emotion in Judicial Invocations of Legislative History, and Precedent. Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 9(5), 577-595.
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1105
White, E. K. (2021). Images of Reach, Range, and Recognition: Thinking about emotions in the study of international law, In: Bandes et al. (eds.). The Research Handbook on Law and Emotion (pp. 492-513), Edgar Elgar Publication.
https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works/2830
Williams, P. J. (2014). The Raw and the Half-Cooked. In P. Brooks. & H. Jewett (eds.). The Humanities and Public Life, (1st ed., pp. 75-82), Fordham University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780823257089-007
 
Decisions:
O’Grady v. Westminster Scaffolding (1962) 2 Lloyd’s Law Reports 238.
Barclays Bank Plc v, O’Brien [1993] 4 All E.R. 417
Miranda v. Arizona:: 384 U.S. 436 (1996)
Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007)

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics