G. Citation Guidelines

The journal follows the APA author–date citation style for in-text referencing.

In-Text Citations

Under this system, sources are cited in the text by providing the author’s surname, the year of publication, and the page number cited, as in: (Emami, 1401: 32).

Where a source has three authors, the names of all three authors must be included in the in-text citation. Where a source has more than three authors, the first author’s name is followed by the expression “et al.” in English, as in: (Emami et al., 2022: 32).

When a source is cited more than once in the text, the full citation must be repeated exactly as required by this style. The use of expressions such as haman (same) or pishin (previously cited) in Persian, or op. cit. in English, is not permitted.

In the final reference list, at the initial submission stage and before final acceptance, references must be grouped according to the language of the source and arranged alphabetically under the following headings:

A. Persian

B. Arabic

C. English or French

The following rules apply to the ordering and presentation of references:

• References must be arranged in alphabetical order.
• Within each language category, all sources used (books, journal articles, theses or dissertations, and online sources) must be combined into a single list and arranged alphabetically. Only case files, judicial decisions, and legislation must be listed separately.

1. Citing Books

Authored Books: Surname, First Name (Year). Title of the Book (in italics), City of Publication: Publisher.

Example:

Emami, Mohammad (1401). Public Finance Law, Tehran: Mizan.

Translated Books: Surname, First Name (Year). Title of the Book (in italics), translated by the translator’s first and last names, City of Publication: Publisher.

Example:

Loughlin, Martin (1399). Public Law and Political Theory, translated by Mohammad Emami and Aida Heydari, Tehran: Mizan.

Note: Only the book title should be italicized. It must not be formatted in bold.

2. Citing Articles

Journal Articles: Surname, First Name (Year). Title of the Article, Title of the Journal (in italics), Volume (Issue), page range.

Example:

Sharifi, Mohsen (1402). A Critique of the Iranian Legislator’s Approach to Green Crime, Journal of Legal Studies, 15(1), 64–92.

Articles in Edited Books: Surname, First Name (of the article’s author) (Year). Title of the Article, in Title of the Book (in italics), First and Last Name of the Book’s Author, City of Publication: Publisher.

Note: The article title must not be enclosed in quotation marks. Only the journal title should be italicized; it must not be formatted in bold.

3. Citing Theses and Dissertations

Author’s First and Last Name (Year). Title of the Thesis/Dissertation, degree level, supervised by [Supervisor’s Name], [Name of the University].

4. Citing Online Sources

A. Where the Source Has a Named Author

In-text citation:

(Surname, Year)

Example: (Ricard, 1401)

Reference list entry:

Surname, First Name (Year). Full Title of the Material, (date on which the material was accessed), available at: [insert the copied URL here].

Example:

Ricard, Philippe (1401). The International Community on the Brink of Collapse, (accessed on 7/7/1401), available at: http://irdiplomacy.ir/fa/news/2014859

B. Where the Source Has No Named Author

1. In-text citation:

   (Name of the Website, Year of Publication on the Website)

   Example: (Iranian Diplomacy, 1401)

2. Reference list entry:

   Name of the Website (Year). Full Title of the Material, (date on which the material was accessed), available at: [insert the copied URL here].

   Example:

   Iranian Diplomacy (1401). Turkey Announces the Possibility of Purchasing Russian Su-35 Fighter Jets, (accessed on 7/7/1401), available at: http://irdiplomacy.ir/fa/news/2014890

Important Notes

• Foreign-language sources must be cited according to the same principles used for Persian-language sources.
• For English-language sources, authors’ surnames must be written in full, while their given names must be represented by their initial letters, capitalized.
• For all Persian- and Latin-language sources cited in the article, the unique identifier DOI or DOR must be provided at the end of each reference in the final reference list, where applicable.

  Example:

  Sharifi, Mohsen (1402). A Critique of the Iranian Legislator’s Approach to Green Crime, Journal of Legal Studies, 15(1), 64–92. DOI: 10.22099/JLS.2023.39220.4190

• Specialized legal sources, including court judgments, legislation, case files, and similar materials, must be listed separately under the relevant language category, following the other references.
• All Persian- and Arabic-language references included in the final reference list must also be translated into English and incorporated into the English-language references section. Persian references must be retained in the Persian-language section as well. At the end of each translated reference, the appropriate language designation must be provided in square brackets: [In Persian] for Persian sources and [In Arabic] for Arabic sources.

  Example:

  Emami, M. (2022). Public Finance Law, Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]

Note: Citing articles previously published in the Journal of Legal Studies in earlier issues will be considered a priority factor when selecting manuscripts for peer review.

G.2. Requirements Following Final Acceptance

If a manuscript is finally accepted for publication, the authors must implement the following citation and referencing requirements in the main manuscript file:

• All Persian- and Arabic-language references must be translated into English and included in the English-language reference list.
• Persian- and Arabic-language references must also be retained in their respective original-language reference lists. Accordingly, the final reference lists must include original Persian-, Arabic-, and English-language sources, as well as English translations of Persian- and Arabic-language references.
• The first letter of every major word in English must be capitalized in the English article title, keywords, in-text citations, and final reference list.