Emergence of Terrorist Non-State Actors: International Obligations and the Challenge of Supervision over the Weapons of Mass Destruction

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student, Azad University, Isfahan Branch

2 ,Associate Professor. Department of Law, University of Isfahan ,Iran

10.22099/jls.2020.33069.3372

Abstract

In the recent decades, the concept and nature of international security has been evolved through the emergence of terrorist non-State actors and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) so that access to WMD by such non-State actors has become a serious threat for the international community. The lack of provisions in international documents on the prevention of WMD to deal with such threat has made the international community to take special steps in preventing access to WMD by terrorist non-State actors. Nothwithstanding these international efforts has not resulted in complete removal of supervisory challenges regarding such non-State actors. In this framework, this paper, using descriptive and analytical method, examines supervisory challenges in prevention of terrorist non-State access to WMD and concludes that the removal of these challenges requires globalization of international obligations, universal and complete co-ordination and co-operation among States, international organs and organisations and the managers of the respective industries in standardsation of securing the WMD related materials and supervision over their establishment. As an essential strategy, adoption of a special and comprehensive international convention on the prevention of terrorist non-State actors to access WMD has been suggested in this paper.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Asal, Victor, et al. ed. (2005) “Non State Actors, Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction” (The Forum), International Studies Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.133-170.
Ballesteros, Miguel Angel (2016) General Director, Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies, Presentation, “Non-State Actors and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Resolution 1540: A Spanish Contribution, Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies, Spanish Ministry of Defence”.
Bretislav Friedrich & et al (2017) One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences, Institute of Max Planck Society, pp.363-375.
Caves, John P.Jr and Seth Carus (2014) The Future of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Their Nature and Role in 2030, Centre for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Occasional Paper, No.10.
Erasto, Tytti and Jonathan Herbach (2016) Ten Years of The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT): Strengths, Challenges, and the Way Forward, The Centre for Conflict and Security Law, Kustantaja: SaferGlobe.
Ewiss, Nada (2016) Non-state actors & WMD: Does ISIS have a pathway to a nuclear weapon? Basic, pp.1-8.
Finaud, Mark (2011) “Promoting Universality of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions in the Middle East”, Paper presented at the 3rd Workshop on the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions: “Achieving Realistic Decisions at the Seventh BWC Review Conference” Geneva, 3-4 December 2011, pp.1-11.
Hofmann, Claudia and Ulrich Schneckene (2011) “Engaging non-state armed actors in state-and peace-building: options and strategies”, International Review of Red Cross, Vol.93, N0. 883, pp.1-11.
Johnson, Barbara (2006) “A Code of Conduct for Biological Scientists: An Important Topic for Action”, Policy News, Applied Biosafety, 11(1), pp. 45-47.
Marchesi, Román Oyarzun, Chair of the 1540 Committee. (2015-2016) and Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Spain to the United Nations, Prologue, Non-State Actors and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Resolution 1540: A Spanish Contribution, Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies, Spanish Ministry of Defence, 2016.
Oosthuizen, Gabriel H. and Elizabeth Wilmshurst,(2004), Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: United Nations Security Council Resolution1540, Briefing Paper, Chatham House, International Law Program BP 04/01, pp.1-9.
Sokova, Elina K. (2017) Non-State Actors and Nuclear Weapons, in Understanding Nuclear Weapon Risks, Edited by John Borrie et al, Chapter 8, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), pp.83-90.
Steinhausler, Friedrich (2009) “Legal Instruments to Prevent Nuclear WMD Use by Non-State Actors”, Strategic Insight, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp.1-6.
Strack, Columb (2001) “The Evolution of the Islamic State’s Chemical Weapons Efforts, CTC Sentimental”, Combating Terrorism Centre At West Point, Vol.10, Issue 9, pp.19-23.
Stewart, Ian J. and Daniel Salisbury (2016) "Non-State Actors as Proliferators, Preventing their Involvement", Journal of Society for Terrorism Research, Vol.2, Issue 3, pp.5-26.
Trapp, Ralf (2017) “The Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria: Implications and Consequences”, in One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences.
 
- منابع اینترنتی
Gousi, Christina (2017) Preventing non-state actors from gaining access to weapons of mass, Deutsche Schule Athen Model United Nations, https://www.dsamun.gr/preparation/234-disarmament-and-international-security-committee-preventing-non-state-actors-from-gaining-access-to-weapons-of-mass-destruction/file, pp. 1-17.
Fourth Industrial Revolution, https://www.weforum.org/focus/fourth-industrial-revolution, pp.1-4.
India - Wiesbaden conference calls for enhanced cooperation with industry in combating proliferation of WMD, 23 April 2018,
https://www.un.org/disarmament/update/india-wiesbaden-conference-calls-for-enhanced-cooperation-with-industry-in-combating-proliferation-of-wmd/, pp.1-7.
Ki-moon, Ban (2016) Remarks to Security Council open debate on the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 23 August, https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2016-08-23, pp.1-3.
- اسناد انگلیسی
Code of Conduct for Biological Scientists
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM), 3 March 1980
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, 13 January 1993
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological Weapons and on Their Destruction, 10 April 1972
Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, IAEA Board of Governors Resolution, GOV/2003/69, 12 September 2003.
International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, New York, 13 April 2005
Roman Oyarzun Marchesi (Chair of the 1540 Committee (2015-2016) and Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Spain to the United Nation, Non-State Actors and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Resolution of 1540: A Spanish Contribution, Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies, Spanish Ministry of Defence, 2016, p.12.
The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, INFCIRC/225, International Vienna, Energy Agency, September 1975.
Signature/ratification status of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, http://www.icanw.org/status-of-the-treaty-on-the-prohibition-of-nuclear-weapons/, pp.1-13.
Treaty on the Non-proliferation on Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 1 July 1968.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics