The hidden layers of the constitution

Document Type : Research Paper

Abstract

The constitution as an important document in a legal system is a very complex concept with hidden layers. Constitutional experience in the last two centuries has shown that this concept, in addition to the text and the principles written on paper, also has unwritten layers and principles that arise in practice and in practice by political actors. If these principles and layers are ignored, there will be a deep gap between the reality of a community and the words of the text. Thus, the text of the constitution remains unchanged and political developments ignore it. This article has attempted to examine where these principles originate and Where does the history of this debate and its origins go. Some of the most important layers of the constitution that do not appear in the text are also explained for example: constitutional convention, constitutional custom, Quasi constitution, Super-statutes, Supra constitution, Extra-Constitutional

Keywords


Abert, Richard (2016) ”Quasi Constitutional Amendment”, Buffalo Law Review, Vol.65, No.4, pp. 739-770.
Albert. Richard (2015) ”How Unwritten Constitutional Norms Change Written Constitutions”, Dublin University Law Journal,.Vol.38, No2, pp. 1-26.
Amar,Akhil,Reed (2012) Americans Unwritten Constitution The Precedent and Principle We Live By, New York: Basic Books.
Balkin,Jack (2001) “Understanding the Constitutional Revolution”. Virginia Law Review, Vol.87, No. 6. pp.1045-1104.
Balkin, Jack M. (2008) "Constitutional Hardball and Constitutional Crises ", Quinnipiac Law Review, Vol. 26, pp579-598
Bustamante, Thomas, Bernardo, Goncalves (eds) (2016) Democratizing Constitutional Law: Perspective on Legal Theory and the Legitimacy of Constitutionalism.  London: Springer Press
Dicey,Albert (1982) Introduction to the study of the Law of the Constitution. London: Macmillan Press.
Eskridge, William. and Ferejohn, John, (2001) "Super-statutes", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 50, No.5, pp.1215-1256.
Fallon,Richard (2004) The Dynamic Constitution an Introduction to American Constitutional Law And Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Fenwick.Helen, Gavin Phillipson (2003) Text, Cases and Materials on Public Law and Human Rights, New York: Cavendish Publishing.
Fishkin. Joseph & Posen. David (2018) ”Asymmetric Constitutional Hardball”, Columbia Law Review , Volume 118, No.3, pp.915-982.
Garliski.Zofia.Lench.Garliski (2011) ”External Review of Constitutional Amendments? International Law as a Norm of Reference”, Israel Law Review, Vol. 44, issue. 3, pp. 343-368.
Ginsburg,Tom, James Melton, Zachary Elkins (2009) The Endurance of National Constitutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ginsbury, Tom, (ed) (2012) Comparative Constitutional Design, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goldsworthy, Jeffrey (2011)”Unwritten Constitutional Principle”, University of Queensland Law Journal, Vol. 30, No.1, pp. 673-810.
Grey.Thomas (1975) “Do We Have an Unwritten Constitution”, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 27, No.3, pp.703-718.
Griffin.Stephan (2007) “Constituent Power and Constitutional Change in American Constitutionalism”. In: Loughlin, Martin, Walker, Neil.(2007) The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 49-67.
Grimm, Dieter (2016) Constitutionalism (Past, Present, Future), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heils,John (2018) Quasi-constitutional Laws of Canada, Toronto: Irwin Law Inc.
Hovius. Berend (1982) “The Legacy of the Supreme Court of Canada's Approach to the Canadian Bill of Rights: Prospects for the Charter”, McGill Law Journal, Vol. 28. No. 2, pp.32-58.
Huscraft, Hrant (ed) (2008) Expounding the Constitution: Essays in Constitutional Theory, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Jenings, Ivor (1959) The Law and the Constitution, London: University of London Press.
Key, Richard (1987) ”The Illegality of the Constitution”, Constitutional Commentary, Vol 4, No. 57, pp. 57-80.
Krishnamurthy, Vivek (2009) “Colonial Cousins: Explaining India and Canada's Unwritten Constitutional Principles”, Yale Journal of International Law,Vol. 34, Issue.1,pp. 207:239.
Law, David (2005) “Generic constitutional law”, Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 89, No. 5, pp. 652-742.
 Law, David & Versteeg, Mila (2013) ”Sham Constitution”, California Law Review, Vol. 101, Issue 4, pp. 863-952.
Leclaia, Jean (2011) ”Canada's Unfathomable Unwritten Constitutional Principles”, Queens Law Journal, Vol. 27, pp. 389-443.
Loughlin.Martin, (1992) Public Law and Political Theory, London: Clarendon Press.
MacDonnell, Vanessa (2016) "A Theory of Quasi-Constitutional Legislation", Osgoode Hall Law Journal, No. 53, Issue. 2, pp. 508-539
Mcconnel, Michal (1998) “Tradition and Constitutional before the Constitution”, University of Illinois Law Review, Vol.80, No.l, pp.173-193.
McIlwain, Charles Howard (1947) Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern, New Jersey: Lawbook Exchange Ltd.
McLachlin, Beverley (2006) ”Unwritten Constitutional Principle What's is Going On?”, New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law, No. 4, pp.147-164.
Millein,Rey (2005) “The Independence of the Bar: An Unwritten Constitution Principle”, La Revue du Barreau Candain, Vol. 84. No.1, pp.107-130.
Munro, William Bennett (1930) The Makers of the Unwritten Constitution. Fred Morgan Kirby Lectures, New York: Lafayette College.
Murphy, Walter. James E. Fleming, Sotirios A. Barber (1986) American Constitutional Interpretation, New York: Foundation Press.
Natelson. Rob (2018) ”Unconstitutional? Extra-Constitutional? What’s the Difference? available at: https://i2i.org/unconstitutional-extra-constitutional-whats-the-difference/ See in 2019/10/21
Palmer, Robert Roswell (1959) The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Palmer, Matthew (2006) ”Using Constitutional Realism to Identify the Complete Constitution”, American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 587-636.
Pocoks,J.G.Terence Ball (ed) (1988) Conceptual Change and the Constitution, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
Prutsch. Markus (2013) Making Sense of Constitutional Monarchism in post Napoleonic France and German, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Pryor, Judith (2007) “Unwritten Constitution, British Exceptionalism and New Zealand Equivocation”, European Journal of English Studies, Vol. 11, Issue. 1, pp. 1-24.
Reeder,Robert (1913) ”Constitutional and Extera-constitutional Restraints“, University Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 61, issue. 7, pp. 441-457.
Repaczyink, Andrezet (1988) ”The Ninth Amendment and the Unwritten Constitution the Problem of the Constitutional Interpretation“, Chicago-Kent Law Review, Vol. 64, Isuue. 2, pp.177-210.
 Riphenburg, C.J. (2005) ”Afghanistan's Constitution: Success or Sham?” Middle East Policy, Vol. 12, Issue. 1, pp. 31-43.
Robenfeld, Jed (2001) ”The New Unwritten Constitution”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 51, No.1, pp. 289-305.
Roznai, Yaniv (2013) ”The Theory and Practice of Supra- Constitutional. Limits on Constitutional Amendment”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 62, Issue.3, pp.557-579.
Roznai, Yaniv (2017) Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendment Constitutional: The Limits of Amendment Powers, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sartori, Giovanni (1962) ”Constitutionalism: a Preliminary Discussion”, The American Political Science, Vol. 56, No.4, pp. 853-864.
Sherry, Suzanna (1987) ”The Founders Unwritten Constitution”, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp.1127-1177.
Shigong, Toing (2010) “Written and Unwritten Constitution: A New Approach the Study of Constitutional Government in China”, Modern China Review, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.11-45.
Solum, Lawrence (2013) “Originalism and the Unwritten Constitution”, University of Illinois Law Review, Vol.2013, No.5, pp.1935-1984.
Stourzh, Gerald (2007) From Vienna to Chicago and Back: Essays on Intellectual History and Political Thought in Europe and America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tietel, Ruti (2004) ”Comparative Constitutional Law in a Global Age. Book Review”, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 117, No. 8, pp. 2570-2596.
Turpin, Colin, Adan, Tomkins (2007) British Government and the Constitution- 6ed. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Tushnet,Mark, (2004) ”Constitutional Hardball”, John Marshall Law Review, Vol. 37, Issue. 2, pp. 523-553.
Wheare, Kenneth Clinton (1951) Modern Constitutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Wood, Gordon (1969) The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
Yong, Ernest (2007) “The Constitution Outside the Constitution”, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 117, issue. 3, pp. 408-473.