The draft articles on the international responsibility of States as a turning point in the International Law Commission’s activities encouraged the commission to complete its work on international responsibility by codifying regulations in the area of responsibility of international organizations. But after a decade, the Commission draw up a draft of which was met with much criticism. In addition to criticisms against some of the articles, major concerns about the success of this document return to general problems that are related to the Commission’s work, including lack of attention to the differences between the government and international organization on the one hand, and the differences between organizations themselves about responsibility issue on the other hand, as well as the lack of sufficient jurisprudence about organizations. In this article, the most important general and specific objections and criticisms against the draft articles will be considered and it concludes The Commission took a disproportionate development it seems that the draft will face difficulties in the future.  

The precautionary principle is one of the important principles developed in the light of international environmental law and it is remembered of as one of the pillars of deterrence. According to this principle, governments can act only when their acts are not considered as the complete cause of irreversible damage to nature. Environmental risks are not considered part of natural hazards. One of the most important environmental hazards is the pollution of seas and oceans. Efforts to protect the marine environment at the international level involve all necessary measures and applying the precautionary principle, in which the common interests of international community lies. Therefore, this paper tries via investigating the position of the precautionary principle in the marine environment to study its important role in protecting the seas environment.  

Debit card is given by a bank to holders of current accounts and savings accounts by special contract in order to facilitate the transfer of fund services. This card allows them purchase goods and services without paying cash and up to their accounts, transfer funds electronically or receive cash. Contract of debit card Issuance creates rights and obligations in a relationship between issuing bank and holder of the card in the field of fund receive, fund transfer and access to account information. This paper argues about debit card and the most obligations of debit card issuing bank in the field of fund transfer with regard to Unification Commercial Code and Electronic Fund Transfer Act of United States of America. These obligations are in the field of transfer of fund and include acceptance and execution of consumer payment order, cancellation and revocation of that, rescission of debit card and instances of commitment to protecting consumer rights such as the establishment of an authorized payment order, using of security procedure and protection of consumer's information.    

  The main purpose of this research is determining the nature of the relationship between driver and vehicle operator. In this article, we want to answer some questions such as: What is the nature of the relationship between driver and operator at the different types of parking lots? Whether the exclusion clause in parking's bill is valid or not? And etc.   Based on the type of parking, the nature of this legal relation is different in Iran and the American law. Some jurists believe that exclusion clause is valid and some of them believe it is invalid.    

Iran's commercial law in several cases in the scope of commercial companies law has declared the company itself or the company’s operations and also actions of the organs of the company, null but consider this nullity non-opposable. Non-opposability of nullity is, as one of the important example of non-opposability, a situation in which legal element toward the direct parties is void and have no effect, whereas in respect of the third parties, like a correct legal element, is valid and effective. According to large similarity among the concept of non-opposability of nullity and relative nullity, an exact distinction between these concepts, become important. Especially with an exact terminology of the non-opposable nullity, the examples of non-opposability of nullity in commercial law, can be analyzed. This study wants, in addition to present an exact concept of non-opposability of nullity, study and analyze the various examples of this concept in the area of commercial companies including the nullity of the company itself or the company’s operations and actions of the organs of the company and thus resolve ambiguity and brevity in this regard.    

Draft articles on State`s responsibility were drafted by the International Law Commission in 2001, and the draft articles on responsibility of international organizations were also set up by the Commission in 2011. The text and content of both documents are pretty much the same. However, there are differences between states and international organizations in terms of structure, legal personality, operations and measures. These differences lead to the question of how well the pattern of State`s responsibility is compatible with the status of international organizations. In this descriptive-analytic study, the inappropriateness of some concepts of the State`s responsibility with the circumstances of international organizations have been explained. In addition, it has been shown that the use of the concepts of the responsibility of States in the field of international organizations due to the lack or defect of relevant international practices is practically ineffective and maximum has a recommendatory function.    

A Situation in which the same risk is insured by two overlapping but independent insurance policies called double or dual insurance. It is lawful to obtain double insurance, and the insured can make claim to both insurers in the event of a loss because both are liable under their respective polices. The insured, however, cannot profit (recover more than the loss suffered) from this arrangement because the insurers are law bound only to share the actual loss in the same proportion they share the total premium.    

European Union is a unique regional organization in economic sanction matters. Concerning the bases, models and conditions of sanctions, the Union succeeded to create though legal principles. Continued control of the judicial institutions in the process of sanction imposing, resulted in the elaboration of an important jurisprudence confirming the bases of an "État de droit" in the Union as a whole. The Possible conflict between the independent legal order in the Union and the Sanctions ordered initially by the UN Security Council is one of the delicate debates in the present article. The place and function of the European judge in defending the human values, known as fundamental rights, on sanctions matters have been analyzed in details in this brief look on sanction process in the EU legal regime.

In our legal system, unauthorized transaction (the sale by non-owner), is void by the rejection of the owner and the owner has the right to refund sale. If the buyer is ignorant of the non-authorized of seller, no doubt, compensate the damages are accepted, and the civil law has allowed the claim for damages, by emphasizing the term "compensation". It seems that the legal rules such as Ghorur and the principle of full compensation based on placing a damaged person in the implementation of the contract, can justify the compensation to the buyer. So, the buyer should claim for compensate the price of sales from an unauthorized seller. In English law, the legislator has declared the sale by non-owner is valid in some cases, and has supported from the buyer with good faith, and prevented his loss. A point of view that can be taken into consideration, for compensating the buyer in Iranian law.  

Finally negotiations between the 5+1 group and Iran and European Union on Iran's nuclear program concluded on 14 July 2015 and they agreed on a document which called the Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). According to the document that approved by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231, Commitments on limiting Iran's nuclear activities and lifting of sanctions against Iran and a multi-layer dispute resolution mechanism on those have been predicted. The Joint Commission, acting at the level of ministers and Advisory Board (in parallel) and the UN Security Council are the layers of this mechanism. If this mechanism fails in at least 65-day deadline to the satisfaction of the complaining participant of significant non-performance, former Security Council resolutions on Iran issue will snap-back .In fact ,however, lifting provisions of all of the former resolutions stipulates in JCPOA and in Resolution 2231, up to 10 years after the date of Adoption day will have the possibility of the snap-back, in spite of nonperformance of these resolutions.