ضوابط حاکم بر تنظیم پیش‌نیازهای اعمال قواعد رقابتی در پلتفرم‌های دیجیتال؛ آسیب‌شناسی ضوابط سنتی و ارائه راهکارهای نوین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیئت علمی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

10.22099/jls.2023.44359.4775

چکیده

«تعریف بازار» و «سنجش قدرت بازاری» دو پیش‌نیاز محوری جهت اعمال هرگونه ضابطه رقابتی در نظام‌های حقوقی به شمار می‌روند که تنظیم قواعد مربوط به هر یک از آن‌ها با گسترش کسب‌وکارهای پلتفرمی مبتنی بر اینترنت و اثرگذاری بسزای آن‌ها بر حقوق مصرف‌کنندگان، ضرورتی مضاعف یافته است. پژوهش پیش رو جهت پاسخ به این پرسش که چالش‌های تنظیم پیش‌نیازهای اعمال قواعد رقابتی در پلتفرم‌های دیجیتال و راهکارهای برون‌رفت از آن‌ها چیست، با بهره‌گیری از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و اتخاذ رویکردی تحلیلی- توصیفی با هدف دستیابی به ضوابط نوین حاکم بر تنظیم پیش‌نیازهای مذکور در کسب‌وکارهای پلتفرمی، ضمن احصای ابعاد ناکارآمدی ضوابط سنتی مربوط به تعریف بازار و سنجش قدرت بازاری در حل چالش‌های نوظهور، به این نتیجه دست یافته است که در حوزه «تعریف بازار» با کاربست فرآیند سه مرحله‌ای «تعیین وجوه کسب‌وکار»، «تعیین ماهیت وجه‌ها» و «تعریف محصول» و در حوزه «سنجش قدرت بازاری» با «تفکیک پلتفرم‌های مبتنی بر معامله از پلتفرم‌های مبتنی بر مخاطب در تشخیص سهم بازاری» و نیز «به رسمیت شناختن اقسام نوین موانع ورود در کسب‌وکارهای پلتفرمی» می‌توان بر چالش‌های نوظهور مربوط به پیش‌نیازهای اعمال قواعد رقابتی در پلتفرم‌های دیجیتال فائق آمد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Criteria for Regulating Prerequisites of Applying Competition Rules in Digital Platforms: Pathology of Traditional Criteria and Providing New Solutions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abbasali Kadkhodaei Elyaderani 1
  • vali rostami 2
  • mohammad sadegh farahani 2
1 Professor at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of the University of Tehran.
2 Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

The application of competition rules in legal systems necessitates defining the market and measuring market power. These two prerequisites form the basis for enforcing competition laws, and their regulation becomes increasingly crucial with the expansion of internet-based platform businesses and their impact on consumer rights. This research addresses the challenges in setting prerequisites for applying competition rules in digital platforms and offers new solutions.
The traditional approach to competition analysis involves defining the relevant market and assessing market power. However, the unique characteristics of digital platforms present obstacles in achieving these objectives. To establish rules governing market definition and market power measurement, a three-step process is proposed. Firstly, the traditional rules for market definition and market power measurement in conventional businesses are examined, as they are commonly used in judicial authorities. Secondly, the specific competitive challenges in digital platforms are assessed to identify cases where traditional criteria fall short in providing 
prerequisites. Finally, new criteria for market definition and market power measurement in digital platforms are proposed.
The research reveals that both market definition and market power measurement in platform businesses face significant challenges. Defining the market in digital platforms proves difficult due to the inability to assert that virtual and traditional businesses coexist within the same market. Additionally, the traditional product and market scope determination method (SSNIP test) may not apply to two/multi-modal platforms and platforms offering products with zero prices. Furthermore, traditional indicators for calculating the market area, such as "transportation" and "main area," do not apply to virtual markets with cross-border transactions.
Measuring market power in digital platforms presents its own challenges. Relying solely on income as a criterion is inadequate, as it cannot be compared to other factors like the number of active users, volume of traffic, or time spent on the platform. Furthermore, using income to determine market share is not applicable to platforms with zero-priced products. Measuring product demand elasticity using the Lerner index is also hindered by the zero marginal cost of many platforms. Moreover, identifying effective entry barriers specific to digital platforms and devising mechanisms for measuring them presents a challenge not yet addressed by legal systems.
To overcome these challenges and provide new criteria for market definition in digital platforms, a three-step process is proposed. The identification of non-linear value chains helps identify platform components. Assessing whether each component constitutes a separate market or a part of the same market relies on their correlation and their contribution to specific services. To address challenges in defining the product and scope, the research suggests using the SSNDQ test (small but significant and stable reduction in quality) instead of the SSNIP test. Criteria such as "service speed," "data protection," "privacy protection," "exchange cost," "negotiation cost," and "search cost" can measure the quality of service provision in digital platforms.
For measuring market power in digital platforms, distinguishing between "transaction-based platforms" and "audience-based platforms" is suggested. The "users' payment" criterion, instead of platform income, can determine market share using indicators like the number of users, traffic volume, time spent, and number of visits. Recognizing new structural and strategic entry barriers in digital platforms within relevant laws and regulations is crucial. Evaluating the three-stage process of "possibility of entry," "possibility of competitive influence," and "possibility of limiting market power" in platform markets offers potential solutions to measuring market power in this context.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Digital Platforms
  • Market Definition
  • Competition Law
  • Antitrust Practices
  • Market Share
  • Competition Council
  • Market Power

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